The Art Of Keeping Cool :: essays research papers

The Art of keeping coolThis story took place in 1942 during World War II the war in europium was threatening to educe over to the United States. on that point were rumors flying well-nigh German submarines being spotted just off the coast and traitors being ascertained only a few towns away. Therefore, if you were friends with a German, it would be a problem.The main characters are Robert and his cousin Elliot, theres Roberts mom, and his little 5 year-old sister, they lived in a farm but then they all went to Sachems Head to live with Roberts grandparents, his aunt Nan and uncle Jake, just until his father returns from engagement overseas. His dad was a bomber pilot in Europe. Elliot, the cousin, was the difficult type of person he would put barricades and expect you to climb over them. Elliot would have his individualized world, not letting others in easily, and he would ignore you if necessary, just so he could stay by himself, so he wouldnt fate to give any explanations to anyone. But he didnt have many defenses, as mentioned in the story Robert could look into his eyes and see everything he was feeling.There was a German artist who lived near the beach in a shack, Abel Hoffman, and he was suspected of being a Nazi spy, because he was always discover at the beach, but it was actually for his paintings. But Elliot was friends with Abel, because he wanted to learn how to paint just like Abel, but no one seemed to understand. Even Robert doubted about the German that was always observing the shore, worried about Elliots friendship with the artist, which could be a big problem at the time.Elliots house was sufficient of secrets about the past of the family. Nobody in this house talked about Roberts father they wouldnt scour mention his name. Nobody even dares talking at all in the house. The grandfather was always angry and he was a mean-tempered person. What Robert wanted to know was what the whole family was hiding from him. He was always asking que stions, even if it made his grandfather mad. It seemed that everyone else in the family knew something Robert didnt, and that bothered him a lot, he would do anything to know about the secrets of his familys past.The war doesnt just threaten to come to Sachems Head.

Children of the Holocaust Essay -- Jewish History Jew

Over iodine million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were non able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to submergence camps, inspected, and if approved, were sent to work. All others would have been sent to be killed. Being sent to work did not ensure survival, children would be given very little viands and water, and beaten severely, which caused their death. None of the children of the Holocaust will ever forget the experience they went through, they will always remember. The Germans wanted to control the size of the Jewish population by forcing Jews to lived in segregated sections of towns call Jewish residential quarters or ghettos. They creat ed over 400 ghettos where Jewish adults and children were forced to reside and survive. Most ghettos were located in the oldest, most run-down places in town, that German soldiers to pick to make life in the ghetto as hard as possible. Overcrowding was frequent, several families lived in one apartment, plumbing was apprehended, human excrement was thrown out with the garbage, contagious diseases ran rapid, and hunger was everywhere. During the winter, heating was scarce, and many did not have the appropriate clothing to survive. Jerry Koenig, a Polish Jewish child, remembers The situation in the Warsaw Ghetto was truly horrendous- food, water, and sanitary conditions were non-existent. You couldnt wash, people were hungry, and very susceptible to disease... ... everyone with a purpose, and that purpose was to do idols Will. Gods Will is meant to glorify God, not persecute innocent people for their ethnic and religious background. One of Gods most repeated commands is to sock our neighbor as yourself. God wants us as Christians to display Gods love through how we treat others. The Holocaust was one display of how one should not treat another person. The Holocaust was one of the biggest disasters the world has ever seen. More than 1.5 million children were murdered 1.2 Jewish children, along with thousands of gypsy children, and thousands of handicapped children. The effectuate of the Holocaust can be felt today, not only by what we learn and read, but by those who have endured the pain of the Holocaust and saw their friends and family world tortured and killed. They victims will never forget, they will always remember.

Free Awakening Essays: The Parrot :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Importance of the Parrot in The Awakening   Go onward Go away For heavens sake Thats all right (1) Chopin opens her poetic novella, The Awakening, not with the dialogue of a character, but with the ramblings of a brash echo. Immediately, Chopin compels her readers to ponder what significance, if any, these ostensibly random words will have in the following tale. Yet, it is not until the final pages that we recognize the birds true importance and meaning. The parrot, though seldom referred to within the text, comes to symbolize Ednas role in society and the woman she becomes as she is spiritually awakened. At first impression the parrots frank demeanor creates an image of eccentricity. His spirited exclamations give him an air of impertinence, defiance, and intelligence that one would not expect of such a bird. Chopin portrays Edna in the same light, showing that peradventure as the parrot may deviate from the norm, so does Edna, who digresses from the society in w hich she lives. She does not conform to the image of a typical woman in society, contend the roles of a devoted mother and wife. Edna ignores these standards by engaging in two extra-marital affairs and by placing her own life before those of her children. Her desire to live as she pleases lies in direct opposition to the duties she is expected to perform, and she refuses to put on this performance to satisfy society. As a result, Edna seems as brazen and audacious as the parrot that obviously does not mimic the sounds he hears and instead seems to create his own. Again squawking, Go away Go away at the bothersome piano play of two girls, Chopin writes, He was the only being present who possessed sufficient candor to admit that he was not listening to these gracious performances for the first fourth dimension that summer. (23) Edna shows similar candor in her unwillingness to accept societys burdening stereotypes. The seemingly intelligent bird could speak a little Spanish, and a lso a language which nobody understood... (1) Though the parrots remarks appear to fall on deaf ears, Edna is one who can identify with his presumable wisdom, as her globe too is misjudged. Both Edna and the parrot are depicted as extraordinary and misunderstood in their surroundings, yet they are not freeas the parrot must exist in a cage, so Edna is caged by the restrictions society places upon her.

The Civil War Effects All Americans In Different Ways :: essays research papers

The Civil War had a major effect on the American civilization in the 1860s. The novel Red Badge of Courage and the poem "Kentucky Belle" are flush examples of this. These two pieces of literature show an inside look at the Civil War, get past the fighting and the battles. Red Badge of Courage is approximately a young Union soldier, Henry, dealing with the war and its psychological effects. "Kentucky Belle" is a poem about a woman going through a difficult time, but still gives up her horse to help a young man nerve-racking to make it home. The Civil War had very many battles, but none of them compare to the feelings of the people during these battles.     In the novel Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, the protagonist, Henry, is a Union soldier who is afraid of what will happen to him or any of his comrades in his regiment while at war. Henry also sees his enemies as real and humane people. Henrys feeling towards his enemy shows that he is unclear about the wars purpose. The feelings of Henry are probably the same in most Americans during this time. Stephen Crane, the author, does a wide job of bringing the sense of dismay alive in Henry during this fictional novel. The feeling of Henry symbolize the feelings of many family and friends of soldiers at war. The feeling of fear and uncertainty in Henry are similar to the thoughts and feelings of many Americans in the 1860s.     In the poem "Kentucky Belle", the author shows a sense of realism. The poem is about a woman and her baby going through a very difficult time during the Civil War. The part of the story that shows the most compassionate part of the story is when the womans family gives away their favorite horse Kentucky Belle. They gave it away to a soldier who desperately needed to get home. Giving was something many Americans did during the Civil War, and this poem is a prime example of this.     The Civil War in some way touched the lives of almost every single American. This was a tough time for the country, and the country started to change. Women took larger responsibilities in the workplace because so many men were absent in the armies. This a big change temporarily because women were used to taking "back put" to mean during this time, and now, theyre doing men jobs.

The Impact of Immigration on The United States Essay -- American Econo

The United States is a country that was built on immigration. The first settlers, autochthonous Americans, represent less than 2% of the total population the remaining 98% of the population are immigrants or decedents of immigrants. Today, the US still has the highest immigration rate in the world with 757,434 naturalizations in the 2012 fiscal year only (US Naturalizations 2012, Department of Homeland security). People try to emigrate to the United States for many reasons. Some people immigrate because they have been granted a refugee status or asylum and other people immigrate to fulfill their dreams. Immigration has an effect on the American ordering and economy. The US cannot survive without immigrants. Every year, many people immigrate to the US for several reasons. There are those who come to look for a safe push through to stay because their countries are in war. Some immigrants have left their home countries to escape war or fear of persecution. They are refugees and have a effectual right to remain the United States. Others come to the US to seek protection they are granted an asylum and are also lawful residents. Besides that, close immigrants leave their countries and come to the US to fulfill their dreams. More so, the majority of the immigrants are unauthorized immigrants who are all foreign born nonresidents. According to Population Estimates, blank space of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011) 4. The number of unauthorized immigrants in US was estimated to 11,510,000.Regarding only to this large number of the unauthorized immigrants we can think almost an eventual impact of immigration on US. First of all immigration has a huge impact on demography and social change because it raises the US population. M... ...ates January 2010. Population Estimates, Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011) 4. Kica, Matos. 13 years is too long for people to wait. USA Today n.d. Academic wait Com plete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Laura Parker US just wouldnt work without immigrant laborUSATODAY7/22/2001 updated 1121 PM ET http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/july01/2001-07-23-immigrant.htm Melanie Oubre Population outgrowth Fueled by Immigration Puts U.S. on Fast-Track to Depletion of Natural ResourcesNumber USA Friday, December 28, 2012, 1140 AM EST https//www.numbersusa.com/content/nusablog/moubre/december-28-2012/population-growth-fueled-immigration-puts-us-fast-track-depletion-nMurphy,Dean E Imagining Life Without black Immigrants New York Times January 11,2004 http//www.wright.edu/tdung/ Immigrants.htm

The Impact of Immigration on The United States Essay -- American Econo

The united States is a country that was built on in-migration. The first settlers, Native Americans, represent less than 2% of the total population the remaining 98% of the population are immigrants or decedents of immigrants. Today, the US still has the highest immigration rate in the world with 757,434 naturalizations in the 2012 financial year only (US Naturalizations 2012, Department of native land security). People try to immigrate to the United States for many reasons. Some people immigrate because they have been granted a refugee status or asylum and other people immigrate to fulfill their dreams. in-migration has an effect on the American society and economy. The US cannot survive without immigrants. each year, many people immigrate to the US for several reasons. There are those who come to look for a safe place to stay because their countries are in war. Some immigrants have left their home countries to escape war or fear of persecution. They are refugees and have a lega l right to remain the United States. Others come to the US to seek protection they are granted an asylum and are also lawful residents. Besides that, most immigrants leave their countries and come to the US to fulfill their dreams. More so, the majority of the immigrants are unauthorized immigrants who are all foreign born nonresidents. According to Population Estimates, Office of immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011) 4. The number of unauthorized immigrants in US was estimated to 11,510,000.Regarding only to this large number of the unauthorized immigrants we can think about an eventual impact of immigration on US. First of all immigration has a huge impact on demography and social change because it raises the US population. M... ...ates January 2010. Population Estimates, Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011) 4. Kica, Matos. 13 years is too long for people to wait. USA Today n.d. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Laura Parker US incisively wouldnt work without immigrant laborUSATODAY7/22/2001 updated 1121 PM ET http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/july01/2001-07-23-immigrant.htm Melanie Oubre Population Growth Fueled by Immigration Puts U.S. on Fast-Track to Depletion of Natural ResourcesNumber USA Friday, December 28, 2012, 1140 AM EST https//www.numbersusa.com/content/nusablog/moubre/december-28-2012/population-growth-fueled-immigration-puts-us-fast-track-depletion-nMurphy,Dean E Imagining Life Without Illegal Immigrants New York Times January 11,2004 http//www.wright.edu/tdung/ Immigrants.htm

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

PRACTICAL 6 Seed Plants (Gymno spermatozoan cells and Angiosperms) OBJECTIVES 1. To describe the features of generator plant life cycle and the concept of the dominant generation. 2. To describe the life histories and cerebrate reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 3. To summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms and angiosperms. 4. To discuss the advant historic periods of seed plants to dominate land and their evolutionary adaptations on land. EXPERIMENT 1 Gymnosperms INTRODUCTIONGymnosperms (720 species in 65 genera) argon ancient seed plants that intromit ginkgos (Division Ginkgophyta), cycads (Division Cycadophyta), conifers (Division Coniferophyta), and gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta). The term gymnosperm derives from the Greek woodland line of descents gymnos, meaning naked, and sperma, meaning seed. They argon naked-seeded plants meaning that the ovule, which becomes a seed, is receptive on the sporophyte at pollination. Mature seed atomic number 18 not enclosed in a fruit as argon those of peak plants. Gymnosperms be top hat known for their characteristic cones, called strobili.These strobili display sporangia and their subsequently exploitation ovules and pollens. Gymnosperms do not require peeing for sperm to swim to reach the egg as do seedless plants. Instead, immense amount of windblown pollen be produced. Most gymnosperm cones, including the familiar pine cone, are complex whorls of leaflike, woody scales around a of import axis. The smallest cones include those of the junipers (Juniperus) which capture flesh scales fused into a structure resembling a berry. The larger cones may weigh 45 kg and are produced by cycads.In most gymnosperm species, the feminine mega cone shape is larger and distinctive from the mannish microstrobilus. MATERIALS 1. Living or preserved specimens of * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) * Cycad (Cycad sp. ) * Pine (Pinus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of gymnosperms 3. Compound microscope 4. Di ssecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE A ginkgo 1. A prepared slide of male strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. 2. A prepared slide of distaff strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined.The megasporophyll, megasporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. A cycad 1. A female cycad is examined. The leaves, megasporophylls, megasporangia and developing seed are identified. 2. The pollen cone bears on male cycad. Pollinated cone is examined and microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen iotas are identified. A pine 1. A male cone and female cone of Pinus sp. are obtained. 2. A prepared slide of longitudinal sub business officeition of female cone is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangia, and ovule are looked. 3. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of male cone is examined.The microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are looked. 4. Fertilization occurs after the pollen tube penetrates the megasporangium and allows sperm to enter the archegonium and fuses with the egg. The zygote will form after fertilization. A prepared slide of the developing embryo of Pinus sp. is examined. 5. Mature seed cone is obtained. The seed with wing attached to the ovuliferous scale is found. 6. The anatomy of pine leaf one needle is examined. The by-line epidermis, stoma, photosynthetic mesophyll, endodermis, phloem, xylem, and resin duct are identified.RESULTS Cross section of Ginkgo Biloba Cross section of Cycad Cross section of female pine Cross section of male pine EXPERIMENT 2 Angiosperms INTRODUCTION Angiosperms are the most abundant, diverse, and widespread of all land plants. They are successful because they are structurally diverse, pack efficient vascular systems, share a variety of mutualisms (especially with insects and fungi), and have short generation times. flower plants are important to human because our world economy is over whelmingly based on them.Indeed, we eat and use vegetative structures (roots, stems and leaves) as well as reproductive structure (flowers, seeds, and fruits). You will find that many of the vegetative structures are quite similar to those of more ancient plants shown. The roots, stems, and leaves of blossoming plants voice just as those of ferns and cone bearing plants. Flowers and fruits, however are unique adaptations of angiosperms. Biologists believe that the extraordinary adaptiveness of these structures has led to the proliferation of the incredible diversity found among flush plants. MATERIALS 1.Living specimens of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) with roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Imperata cylindrical, genus Zea mays, Carica papaya, Phaseolus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE Roots 1. A root of dicots and monocots are obtained for morphology and anatomy study. 2. The root systems of representative dicot and monocot are looked. 3. Cross section of dicot root shows the central stele is surrounded by a thick mantle and epidermis.The following epidermis, cortex, parenchyma cells, starch grains, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, and xylem are identified. 4. Cross section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds a central pith. The following epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and xylem are identified. 5. A prepared slide of the roots for some other species is obtained and their structure is identified. Stems 1. The longitudinal section of shoot tip of representative dicot and monocot is studied.The following leaf, leaf primordium, apical meristem, ground meristem, axillary bud, vascular bundle, and pith are identified. 2. A dicot and monocot is obtained and a cross section of the stems is made and the establishment of vascular bundles is examined. The anatomy between this dicot and monocot is compared. 3. For both type of plants, epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem, cambium, pith, and vascular bundle are identified. Leaves 1. Fresh specimen provided in lab is looked. Flowering plants show a variety of morphology to identify, such as, leaf arrangements and leaf venation. 2.Using fresh prepared slide or prepared slide of some flowering plants, the structure of the leaves is studied. The leaves have common features cuticle, air space, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and vascular bundle are noticed. Flowers 1. The longitudinal section of some flowers is looked. The split of a flower stigma, pistil, style, ovary, sepal, receptacle, peduncle, petal, filament, stamen, and anther are named. 2. A prepared slide of a cross section of mature anther (lily anther) is examined. Sections of the four microsporangia are found.Pollen grains within a microsporangium is looked. 3. A pre pared slide of a cross section of an ovary (lily ovary). The several ovules are found. Megaspore mother cell within megasporangium is looked. The megasporangium develops is studied. The placenta, integuments, microphyle, egg cell, central cell, and polar nuclei are identified. 4. The demonstration slide of double fertilization is observed and the zygote, primary endosperm nucleus, and central cell of the female gametophyte are identified. Fruits and seeds 1. A sample of dry, dehiscent fruits (peanuts) is obtained.The fruit wall, cotyledon, plumule of embryo, embryo, radical, cotyledon, and seed coat are identified. 2. A sample of simple flesy fruits (tomato, a berry) is obtained. Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, locule, seed and placenta are identified. 3. A prepared slide of corn grain (Zea mays), a caryopsis fruit is examined. The pericarp of a corn grains is tightly united and inseparable from the seed. The pricarp, endosperm, cotyledon, coleoptiles, plumule bud, embryo, radical, an d coleorhizae are identified. RESULTS Cross section of root Cross section of stemCross section of leaves Cross section of flower Cross section of seed DISCUSSION For the lower vascular plants the important evolutionary development was in the water and food conducting tissues of the sporophyte. As we move on through the plant kingdom the next important development was the seed. The free living gametophyte is a vulnerable cast of the life cycle. Reproduction by seeds is a less chancy procedure and has other advantages for plant survival and dispersal. Seeds can be remarkably tolerant of environmental extremes heat, cold and drought.Unlike free-living gametophytes seeds can postpone their development until conditions are right. And, of course, we find them very convenient for plant propagation. Already in the coal-measure forests there were plants that reproduced by seeds. rough were the so-called seed ferns. Others were the ancestors of the plants we now know collectively as gymnosp erms. In these plants the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary, as in the flowering plants they arise on the surface of a modified leaf in a strobilus or cone. Gymnosperm means naked seed. Alternation of generations is still involved in the sound reflection of these plants.They are all heterosporous the microspores are shed as pollen, whereas the megaspore germinates in the strobilus to produce the female gametophyte. The archegonia in this gametophyte get fertilized by sperm from the male gametophyte and the zygote grows to produce an embryo which is enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. Gymnosperms were the dominant land plants in the age of dinosaurs, the Cretaceous andJurassic periods. The surviving gymnosperms in the Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta are similar in their woody habit and pattern of seed development but are not closely related.The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elabora tion, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The answer of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development offruitcontainingseeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where thepetioleattaches to the stem). Occasionally, as inviolets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf.More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called aninflorescence. There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which will divide to becomepollen grains, are the male cells and are borne in thestamens(or microsporophylls). The female cells called megaspores, which will divide to become the egg cell (megagametogenesis), are contained in theovuleand enclosed in thecarpel(or megasporophyll).Th e flower may harp only of these parts, as inwillow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to treasure the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known assepalsandpetals(ortepalsin flowers such asMagnoliawhere sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outside series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud.The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attractinsectorbirdpollinators. Attraction is effected by color,scent, andnectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans. While the majority of flowers are perfect orhermaph rodite(having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have create many morphological andphysiologicalmechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization.Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animalpollinatorscannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism calledself-incompatibilityto discriminate between self- and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on contrary flowers. POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. How to distinguish between a male and female cone of pine?The male cone will form at the stub of the tree and it is much smaller than the female and the male produces the pollen grains and the female produces the ovule and forms at the top of the tree. 2. Explain the characteristics of gymnosperm seeds to fear in dispersal. Many gymnosper ms have winged seeds that aid in dispersal. Generally, gymnosperms have heavy seeds so the wings only assist in moving the seed a short distance from the parent plant. 3. count some uses for conifers. Economically, conifers are very important as they are a major get-go of timber.The majority of the worlds sawn timbers come from conifers. Exploitation of this pick from wild growing forests is still going on in many parts of the world, but there is an obvious trend especially in the developed world to phase this out and use more sustainable planted or seeded resources. There are many species with highly different wood properties, some of these are extremely valuable and used for fine cabinet making or expensive applications in construction. Wood from conifers is also an important source of pulp for paper and cellulose fibres such as rayon.Conifers also very important in horticulture, especially in regions with a temperate climate. Several species have yielded hundreds of different cultivars and new ones are constantly appearing on the market. In some countries conifers have a role to play in traditional medicine and in religious ceremonies and, of course, our Christmas trees can be seen as a form of this kind of use. A few conifers even have edible seeds well known are those of certain pines. 4. Lists the common characteristics of seeds plants. i. They have vascular tissue ii.They use seeds to reproduce iii. They all have body plans that include leaves, stems, and roots. 5. Contrast between dicots and monocots, the two classes of flowering plants. Monocots Dicots Herbaceous May be woody or herbaceous Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with 2 cotyledons Flower parts in nonuple of three Flower parts with multiple of 4 or 5 Parallel-veined leaves Net-veined leaves Bundles of vascular tissue are scattred throughout the stem Vascular bundle in the stem forms rings Roots are adventitious Root develop from radicle . Discuss the features of plant flowering fruits a nd seeds. Seedsdevelop from ovules in the ovary, and at maturity brood of anembryoand a reserve food supply surrounded by a protective covering, theseed coat. The diversity of flowering plants assures diversity among their seeds, but, unlike fruits, which have numerous variations, structural plans for seeds are few. The reserve food can be stored either in or out of the embryo and thecotyledons, the seed leaves can bear either below ground or be elevated above the surface when germination occurs.Fruits are ripened ovaries containing seeds with sometimes additional flower or inflorescence tissues associated with them. Only angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. From a botanical viewpoint, many of the foods we eat as vegetables are fruits, for examples, tomatoes, green beans, squash, eggplant, and peppers. Fruits apparently arose as a means not only of protecting the seeds, but as a way to ensure their dispersal. REFERENCES 1. http//faculty. unlv. edu/landau/gymnosperms. htm 2. htt p//www. kew. org/plants/conifers/uses. html 3. http//edhelper. com/ReadingComprehension_37_251. html

Quantum Entanglement and Bell’s Theorem Essay

In the early 20th century, physicists were in need of a new theory to describe the world of the molecule and its components. Newtonian mechanics and mavins theory of relativity worked very well at describing the motion of the planets and stars, but when these theories were applied to the atom, they completely broke slew. Max Planck discovered that atoms exchange get-up-and-go in individual packets of specific energy values. Planck called these energy packets quanta, Latin for unit of quantity, hence the name quantum theory.Two pioneers of quantum theory, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger, devised mathematical formulas to describe the atom. Two primordial principles of quantum mechanics emerged from their equations the uncertainty principle and the principle of superposition. Superposition states that an atom exists in all possible states until it is sum of moneyd. The uncertainty principle says that you cannot know a quantum particles location and momentum (momentum is a particles velocity,roughly) at the same time.These principles are important because they reduce predictions of physical objects position from an absolutes to only a range of probabilities. This is very unlike from the certainty of classical physics. The strangest phenomenon predicted, however, is quantum entanglement. It predicted that when a particle is split in deuce, it behaves as if it were still joined, no matter how far they are separated. Change one of the entangle particles and the early(a) reacts instantly. These strange properties described by quantum mechanics were unacceptable to wizard and many other physicists.Einstein felt that quantum theory itself must be a flawed theory to produce such strange predictions. The bizarre behavior and properties of the atom and sub-atomic particles must be attributable to some other mechanisms, he reasoned. Niels Bohr, another(prenominal) pioneer of quantum theory, deflected Einsteins criticisms and claimed that quantum theory was a sound theory. The problem, Bohr said, was that we need an entirely new set of words and terminology for the theory because the realm of the atom was so different from our everyday experiences.In 1935 Einstein, along with Boris Poldolsky and Nathan Rosen, submitted a famous paper outlining their criticisms of quantum mechanics titled Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? . The EPR paper, as it is known, included an idea for an experiment that would test and prove who was right, classical physics or quantum mechanics. The test, however, was not thought possible. For 30 years the struggle between the classical and quantum views continued.Physicist John Bell brilliantly devised a feasible experiment involving entanglement using individual photons, light filters, and photon sensors. He calculated two sets of equations that predict the results one using classical mechanics, the other using quantum theory. The predictions of classical and quantu m theories give very different results. The theory that matches the experimental data must be the correct theory. It would not be until 1980 that the technology existed to perform Bells experiment. I am going to greatly simplify how the experiment works for clarity.When a photon is split, each photon retains complementary properties of one another. That is, if a photon starts as AB, the individual halves of the photon become A and B (B is complementary to A and vice versa). If we measure one of the split photons as being A, the other must be B. In the experiment, the photon is split and the individual photons race through a path in opposite directions. They each go through a filter that polarizes the photons. Simply put, polarization orients the photon in a certain direction.Imagine the photon as a sphere with a pole through it marking as north or south. Polarization flips the direction of the pole. So, polarized light becomes either up (north) or polish up (south). In this case, t he complement of up is down and vice versa. Our photons can be labeled A up or B down A down or B up depending on how the filter polarizes it which is completely random. If we were to send a pair of photons on separate and opposite directions without a filter, no polarization happens and the detectors would register A on one and B on the other invariably.Add the filters, and the detectors register A up,B down,B up, or A down. Since the filters completely randomize each photons polarization, one detector could indicate an A up and the other could detect an B up for the same set of split photons, right? The Bell tests show that when when one detector registers A up, the other detector shows a B down. Its not surprising the As are opposite to the Bs, its that their polarizations are continuously complementary, or opposite. How does the other photon know what the other polarization will be and act accordingly?Are they still connected in some way? If not, does one photon somehow send i nformation about its state to the other photon so it can act accordingly? If the photons do somehow communicate, the information they send must run much faster than the speed of light and violate a fundamental physical law. Whatever the case, it shows our understanding of the universe is incomplete. Bell was a proponent of Einsteins view of reality and didnt expect quantum theory to be proven right. After witnessing a confirmation of his theory he said I have seen the impossible done.The phenomenon of entanglement has been demonstrated in experiment after experiment and progressively separating the photons at greater distances. Recently in Vienna, an pull down more stringent test was completed by Professor Anton Zellinger. The tests have sent split photons from one island to another many kilometers away and had the same supernatural result. Our whole description of fundamental reality has to be revised. After the latest confirmation of quantum theory in Vienna, Dr. Zellinger and his colleagues posted a help wanted. They are want a philosopher to help understand the profound implications.

From Man to Boy

Lemons. The author makes his first stand at the very opening of the work with this hard peeled, soft-fleshed visual. The sour fruit, which is cut into by the narrator at the beginning of John R. Colemans, essay From Man to Boy, stands as a metaphor for the life circumstances in which he continues to find him ego and others. The alternative allows for a much shorter opening to the essay by utilizing the well-known allegory of the lemon as an acerbic, broken object or happenstance from which the owner has no means of escape.In the beginning lines Coleman produces the appearance of a setting in which the weight of an entire world the reader does not have to see to gestate in, is resting on the shoulders of the narrator. He does this by coupling the lemon with a position of employment that is both low on the wage scale, and limited in expertness requirements. Even the waitress, a position most readers will equate with being lesser in station, looks down on the work, therefore the wort h, of the narrator. This immediately sets up the of import character as a victim of his surroundings and appeals to the reader for compassionate understanding and perhaps even pity.This appeal is sustained by the dialogue betwixt the co-workers when Dana tells Jack Its no use(LaRocco, 128) trying to variegate the attitude and belief of the waitress who called him a boy. The writer tells the audience, in the same paragraph, that Dana was working this p atomic number 18ntage even as he, the narrator, was reading the billboards insidious warnings. In doing so, the narrator is offering up tangible evidence for the dividing line of an irredeemable quality of ignorance in the world.The argument of ignorance is juxtaposed against the theme of education. The billboards, a metaphor for societys spoken standards versus their actual behaviors,promise the worthy and dedicated student a life thaw of discrimination, bias, and general condemnation. What the writer declares to be the truth of the matter however, is that reality falls far short of the pledge. Life is a lemon. Education does not prevent the pull through from happening the waitress still calls him a boy. What education provided him with was a means to recognize the insult and therefore be injured by it. This injury is notable in the sad look on Danas face.The exposure of the treatment of the housekeepers by the students at the college serves to call further attention to the wide spread charter of the working class. At the same time, it presents an argument that educated people are as likely to fall into the pattern of abuse, yet more likely to change their behavior once it is questioned. The narrator seems to convince the students to cease the use of the term wombats (128), however he also makes clear that it does not erase the ramifications of the actions for those who were abused by them.Naming them as the cleaning women (129) continues a convention from the beginning that says much ab start society b y not expression anything at all. Coleman maintains Dana and himself as the just individuals worthy of names, therefore individual identities, in the short piece. Doing this preserves the notion of a singular hero with only nominal support attacking the extensive beast of society without actually coming forward and declaring himself a hero.Rather than failing to define himself as the hero of the episode, Coleman comes closer to refusing it. This leaves him on the same compete field as his audience, which acts in tandem with his stylistic choices in the text. By using the quick, almost dartingmotions of his statements, and the clipped pacing of short paragraphs and a barely over one page essay, he keeps the reader not only involved but in step with the narrative voice.In order to make points with the mean audience of blue collar working class America, Coleman does all he can to avoid triggering the alienation he is so adamantly set out to battle. Simplicity is the key to the pe ace. Coleman gets in, makes his point in clear, concise terms, and gets out.This appeal to the working class reader for whom this particular piece is written is continued with a neglect of satire in the essay. The simple vocabulary, short sentence construction, and lack of word play beyond the lemon all feed into the assembly of a partnership between the writer and blue collar America. He never feels the need to address the existence of those high paying white collar positions directly, while they are inferred by the PhD, the collegiate tack of the students, and the billboards with their empty promises.Reference to the Quaker tradition further exposes the intention of the author to connect with a wholesome and righteous air of life. This is the assumed role many hard working laborers aspire to. The association of Godliness with the Quaker traditions works on another metaphorical level with the housekeepers when the saying is considered Cleanliness is next to Godliness.Throughout the entire essay, Coleman does his best to solidify his roots in this working class in order to achieve a single goal. The last-place remark returns to the scene of the first crime in the work, a seemingly flippant remark about being a boy who cuts lemons. By reversive to this line the narrator takes a stand for all of the young men whohave had to defend their honor as men simply because they were not making money in the right tax bracket.Coleman combines this with an appeal to the student from working class family to be aware of the results of their choices in treating others before the damage is done. Overall, he produces a very effective essay that is driven on the backs of metaphors and unspoken pieces of the puzzle, which are alluded to behind sweeping statements designed to stir the primal instinct of honor and self preservation in the face of societal imposed duress.Work CitedLaRocco, C (Ed.). (1995). The Art Of Work An Anthology of Workplace Literature. McGraw-Hill.

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

Cat on a Hot Tin jacket crown What do you learn about Maggie from the way Tennessee Williams has presented her so far?The character Margaret is married to Brick, the son of Big public address system. They live to desexualizeher in Big daddys house, along with his wife, Big Mama. We, as readers learn a lot about her character from the way she speaks, by what is said about her and by the decimal point directions. We also gain a good insight into her relationships with the people around her.Margarets relationship with Brick comes across as quite bizarre. His lack of interest in what she has to say gives the impression that he doesnt care and also shows a slight lack of respect. For example, when Brick replies to Maggies first line in the play, he says Whad you say, Maggie? The stage directions prior to his repartee read A tone of politely feigned interest, masking indifference or worse. Other stage directions describing his attitude to Maggies statements share the same negativity s uch as Without interest., Wryly, Absent mindedly, Dreamily, followed by sarcastic comments.We also get the impression that Brick doesnt amaze his wife as attractive as other men do. On page twenty-one, Maggie says Way he always drops his eyes down my body when Im talkin to him, drops his eyes to my boobs an licks his old chops The fact that shes telling her husband how other men show interest in her comes across as a subtle hint to her husband that perhaps he should appreciate her more. Almost reassuring herself, as well as him that shes an attractive woman. Bricks response provided doesnt seem like the reply she was looking for. He describes her talk as disgusting. Theres also a sense of jeopardy on Maggies front.When she catches Brick staring at her, she asks him continuously what hes thinking when he stares at her like that. On page twenty-five, Maggie says I deal you would lose your looks This is a particular strange request to make of ones partner. It makes readers assume s he doesnt want to be attracted to Brick any longer. This assumption is curtly backed up with further lines on page twenty-eight when the couple talk of the conditions Maggie has to follow in order for Brick to continue living with her. They also give ear to their bedroom as a cage, giving the sense of entrapment.Margarets relationship with Mae seems strained and false. Maggies continuous insulting of Maes children gives the impression that they dont get along particularly well. The topic of children in Maggie and Bricks relationship also seems awkward. Mae seems to take a patronising tone with Margaret on page 29 when she says Maggie, honey, if you had children of your own youd know how funny that is It seems that Mae is well aware of Maggies envy towards her for having children and likes to bring it up from time to time.Margaret often refers to Big Daddy when shes attempting to make Brick jealous. When she was talking of the man who was looking her up and down, she was talking o f Big Daddy, Bricks father. She uses him as an example of a man who gives her attention to try and get Brick to do the same. She also talks of Big Daddy not getting along with Gooper, Bricks brother or Mae. On page twenty, she says Big Daddy dotes on you honey. And he cant stand Brother Man and Brother Mans wife Big Daddy is also vatic to be dying of cancer, therefore theres a lot of talk of who will be getting the large share of his will.Margaret is obviously rattling aware of her sexuality. On the first page of the play, a stage direction says She steps out of her dress, stands in a slip of ivory satin lace. She also cares a lot about her appearance and what Brick thinks of her. I feel this because of her asking Brick what he thinks of her when he looks at her and because of stage directions such as She adjusts the angle of a magnifying reverberate to straighten an eyelash Her relationship with her husband seems one sided and cruel. It seems as thought she wants children and a happy marriage like her sister in law however its made obvious that Brick doesnt share the same passion. We know from the continuous talk of Big Daddys will that she has dreams of being rich. So far, Williams has made Maggie seem like a desperate, hurt character that covers her pain up with her loud personality.

Genetically Modified Foods Speech Essay

SPECIFIC SPEECH GOAL I would like to gain the audiences haveledge of genetically modified sustenances, their history, and the controversy that it involves. THESIS STATEMENT I want to inform my audience by explaining exactly what genetically modified foods be, as well as, there intended purpose, history, advantages, disadvantages and controversy surrounding them. Introduction I. Before you eat a meal or snack do you ever in truth think about where it comes from, what is in it, and how it will affect your body?Most battalion these days consider eating to be a mindless act, especially when they ar so busy with school, work, and other things. They eat foods that be conveniently available with little regard for what is in them. II. I was i of the people up until a few years ago when I started doing almost research and came across information I was unaware of. III. Did you know that 80% of the food in our grocery stores is genetically modified in some way, shape, or form? This may be a big deal for some of you or some of you it may not be because you are not fully aware of what this means. IV.In my speech today, I would like to make you aware. I will explain exactly what genetically modified foods are, their purpose, their advantages, their disadvantages, the controversy, and what this means for you. Body I. What are genetically Modified Foods? A. Genetically modified foods, also go by names such(prenominal) as, genetically engineered foods, or genetically modified organisms, better known as, GMOs. B. The official definition of GMOs is organisms that have been genetically modified by having their genes change to enhance desirable traits that do not occur naturally to achieve a better organism.Transition Statement Farmers have been naturally modifying plants and animals for thousands of years with selective breeding and hybridization so what is the purpose of GMOs? II. What is the purpose of genetically modified foods and their history? A. The genetic engin eering of foods allows scientist to speed up the processes of moving sought after genes from one plant or animal to another. It also is used in an effort to enhance the nutrition and flavor or foods. This process was discovered in 1980. B.Skip ahead to 2004, 8. 25 million farmers in 17 countries produce genetically modified crops. The United States and Canada are the top 2 manufacturing businesss and some of the merely countries that do not require the labeling of GMO foods. Transition Statement So as you flock see genetic modification has been around for a while so what is the big deal now? Some people will tell you there are m whatever good reasons for GMOs, while many will trust you a very different view. III. The Advantages versus the Disadvantages of GMOs. A.Supporters will tell you that GMOs help produce more nutritious tastier foods, disease and drought resistant plants, increase supply of food to help feed the world, reduced pesticide use, economic and environmental bene fits, and reduced energy use. B. Those who oppose GMOs will tell you the opposite. They say that GMOs are created in a lab with methods totally different from natural breeding methods. The say GMOs can be toxic, allergenic, or less nutritious, they are not adequately regulated, and they actually increase pesticide use, as well as, create serious problems for farmers.C. Those opposed believe the only ones benefiting from GMOs are big businesses like Monsanto. Monsantos company is the largest producer of herbicides, pesticides and genetically modified seeds. One of the problems that GMOs create actually benefits this company. Nature adapts so plants will becomes resistant to herbicides and pesticides. As a result, toxic herbicide use has increased 15 times since GMOs were introduced. This means our interaction with these toxins has increased by the same amount.D. While America and Canada stay in the dark about GMOs, 60 countries around the world have significant restrictions or outrig ht bans of the production and sales of GMOs. E. Whatever side you choose to be on, the main thing that interests me, and should concern you, is that these plants have never been tested for the safety of human consumption. This means we are all a part of one of the largest scientific experiments around without our consent and without any knowledge of what the outcome may be.Transition Statement I dont know about you but that seems a little scary to me. This is wherefore many Americans are taking matters into their own hands and choosing to select out of the GMO experiment. IV. Protection, labeling, and what to look for. A. Many polls have been taken and about 60% of people would not eat genetically modified foods if they were labeled. B. The labeling of GMOs is not required in the US. So finding out which foods have them requires a bit of work. C.There are 8 crops currently being genetically modified Corn, Cotton, Canola, Alfalfa, Hawaiian Papaya, Soy, Zucchini and Summer Squash. While this doesnt seem like a lot, these crops show up in almost all of our foods in the form of oils or ingredients, like high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, and maltodextrins, just to name a few. There are too many to list and they are in pretty much all of the junk foods, processed foods, and frozen foods we eat. They are also in foods such as, bread, yogurt, milk, meats, and baby foods. D.The best ways to avoid GMOs are to buy organic fertilizer, grow your own garden, read labels, avoid main genetically modified ingredients, buy organic grass-fed meat, stay informed, and do your research. Transitional Statement I have informed myself with a lot of information about GMOs, a lot more that I have shared in this speech. As you can probably figure out by now, I am one of those Americans that are act to opt out of the GMO experiment. Conclusion I. Now I feel I have given you the information to be a little more knowledgeable.You should now know about what a GMO is, their purpose, pr os, cons, and how to protect yourself should you choose to. II. Do I personally avoid all GMOs? No. Not from lack of trying, but trying to read every ingredient was and is a very daunting task. What I do try to do is avoid as many as I can. I have altered my diet to avoid most processed foods and I try to check ingredients as best I can. I do all of my daughters baby food from scratch with only organic fruits and vegetables, and I make sure most of the snacks I give her are GMO free. III.We vote with our dollar and the only way we can make this an easier task is by refusing to buy the foods with genetically modified ingredients and lobbying for our government to require labeling so we can make the choice easily if we want to buy genetically modified foods or not. References GMO Facts. (2013). Retrieved October 14, 2013, from the Non-GMO Project website http//www. nongmoproject. org/learn-more/ Caplan, A. L. (2013). Genetically Modified Food GOOD, BAD, UGLY. Chronicle of Higher Educ ation, 60(2), B4-B5. Examining Genetically Modified Food. (2013).Retrieved October 14, 2013 from the For Dummies website http//www. dummies. com/how-to/content/examining-genetically-modified-food. html Genetically Engineered Foods. (2012, July 05). Retrieved October 6, 2013 from the University of Maryland Medical Center website http//umm. edu/health/medical/ency/articles/genetically-engineered-foods PsycheTruth. (2012, October 5).GMO Food, How To Tell, Truth About Genetically Modified Foods & Label GMO Psychetruth Nutrition. Retrieved from http//www. youtube. com/ visualise? v=3HYNBY5IKAQ&feature=share&list=PLvP8YsX0ebXaunR4wgSHJdKHPzpQCtgsx.

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay

On December 3, 1984. In the city of Bhopal, a cloud of toxic gases relief valved from an American pesticide industrial plant, killing and wound 1000s of people. When the noxious clouds cle bed, the worst industrial catastrophe in history had piddlen topographic point. Now, Dominique Lapierre in her book Five Past Midnight brings the 100s of characters, struggles, and adventures together in an red-letter narrative of love and hope.IntroductionUnion Carbide Corporation ( UCC ) was asked to construct a cooks for the industry of Sevin, a pesticide norm each(prenominal)y used throughout Asia. As pct of the trade, India s regime insisted that a important per centum of the investing semen from local anesthetic stockholders. The political science itself had a 22 % interest in the connection s subordinate, Union Carbide India Limited ( UCIL ) . The telephoner built the works in Bhopal be campaign of its fundamental location and entree to transport groundwork. The specific come out within the metropolis was zoned for light industrial and commercial enjoyment, non for uncertain industry. The works was ab initio approved merely for preparation of pesticides from constituent chemicals, such(prenominal) as MIC imported from the p bent amply society, in comparatively little measures. However, force per building block area from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement backward integrating the industry of natural stuffs and intermediate products for preparation of the concluding merchandise within one installation. This was inherently a more sophisticated and big procedure.In 1984, the works was fabricating Sevin at one one-fourth of its production capacity out-of-pocket to reduced want for pesticides. Widespread harvest failures and dearth on the subcontinent in the 1980s led to change magnitude liability and reduced capital for husbandmans to put in pesticides. Local directors were directed to shut the works and fix it for sale in July 1984 due to reduced profitableness. When no ready purchaser was implant, UCIL do programs to level cardinal production unit of measurements of the installation for cargo to an opposite developing distinguish. In the interim, the installation continued to run with gumshoe equipment and processs far below the criterions found in its child works in Institute, West Virginia. The local authorities was cognizant of asylum stocks exclusively was reticent to put heavy industrial safety and pollution chasteness burdens on the fighting industry because it feared the economic effects of the loss of such a big employer.At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, musical composition most of the one million occupants of Bhopal slept, an operator at the works noticed a little leak of methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) gas and increasing force per unit area inside a storage armored combat vehicle. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device interior decorator to neutralize toxic discharge from the MI C arranging, had been glum off three hebdomads prior. Ap elicitly a faulty valve had allowed one net ton of water for ransacking internal pipes to blend with 40 dozenss of MIC. A 30 ton infrigidation unit that usually served as a safety constituent to chill the MIC storage armored combat vehicle had been drained of its coolant for function in another portion of the works. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermal reaction in the armored combat vehicle continued to construct. The gas flair safety body was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumble reverberated around the works as a safety valve gave demeanor directing a plume of MIC gas into the early forenoon air. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human cadavers and the carcases of American bisons, cattles, Canis knowniss and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died instantly, largely in the short slum settlement adjacent to the UCC works. Local infirmarie s were shortly overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis farther compounded by a deficiency of cognition of precisely what gas was heterogeneous and what its effects were. It became one of the worst chemical catastrophes in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial calamity.Estimates of the figure of people killed in the first few yearss by the plume from the UCC works tally whatsoever kidnapping high as 10,000, with 15,000 to 20,000 premature deceases reportedly happening in the subsequent two decennaries. The Indian authorities reported that more than half a million people were exposed to the gas. Several epidemiological surveies conducted shortly after the accident showed important morbidity and increased mortality in the open population. These informations are likely to under-represent the true extent of inauspicious wellness effects because many open persons left Bhopal instantly avocation the catastrophe neer to return and were hence lost to followup. by and bymathImmediately after the catastrophe, UCC began efforts to disassociate itself from profession for the gas leak. Its chief maneuver was to switch blameworthiness to UCIL, saying the works was entirely built and operated by the Indian subordinate. It besides fabricated scenarios affecting sabotage by antecedently unknown Sikh extremist congregations and dissatisfied employees but this theory was impugned by legion independent beginnings.The toxic plume had hardly cleared when, on December 7, the first multi-billion dollar case was filed by an American lawyer in a U.S. tribunal. This was the beginning of old ages of legal intrigues in which the ethical deductions of the calamity and its affect on Bhopal s people were mostly ignored. In March 1985, the Indian authorities enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a manner of guaranting that claims originating from the accident would be dealt with quickly and equitably. The Act made the authorities the exclusive representati ve of the victims in legal proceedings both within and outside India. Finally all voices were interpreted out of the U.S. legal schema under the opinion of the presiding American justice and placed wholly under Indian legal power much to the injury of the injured parties.In a colony mediated by the Indian Supreme Court, UCC accepted moral duty and agreed to pay $ 470 million to the Indian authorities to be distributed to claimants as a full and concluding colony. The figure was partially based on the disputed claim that merely 3000 people died and 102,000 suffered lasting disablements. Upon denoting this colony, portions of UCC rose $ 2 per portion or 7 % in value. Had compensation in Bhopal been paid at the same rate that asbestosis victims where existence awarded in US tribunals by defendant including UCC which exploit asbestos from 1963 to 1985 the liability would hold been greater than the $ 10 billion the social club was deserving and insured for in 1984. By the termina l of October 2003, harmonizing to the Bhopal Gas tragedy Relief and rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for hurts received and 15,310 subsisters of those killed. The mean sum to households of the dead was $ 2,200.At every bend, UCC has endeavored to pull strings, obfuscate and withhold scientific information to the hurt of victims. Even to this day of the month, the party has non tell precisely what was in the toxic cloud that enveloped the metropolis on that December dark. When MIC is exposed to 200A heat, it forms debauched MIC that contains the more deadly H nitrile ( HCN ) . there was clear grounds that the storage armored combat vehicle temperature did make this degree in the catastrophe. The reddish colour of dividing line and entrails of some victims were characteristic of acute nitrile toxic condition. Furthermore, many responded good to disposal of Na thiosulfate, an effectual therapy for nitrile toxic condition but non MIC exp osure. UCC ab initio recommended usage of Na thiosulfate but withdrew the statement subsequently motivating suggestions that it attempted to cover up grounds of HCN in the gas leak. The presence of HCN was vigorously denied by UCC and was a point of speculation among research workers.As farther abuse, UCC discontinued operation at its Bhopal works following the catastrophe but failed to clean up the industrial internet site wholly. The works continues to leak several toxic chemicals and heavy metals that waste found their manner into local aquifers. Perilously contaminated H2O has now been added to the bequest left by the company for the people of BhopalLESSONS LEARNEDThe events in Bhopal revealed that spread outing industrialisation in developing states without coincident using in safety ordinances could hold ruinous effects. The catastrophe bear witnessnstrated that apparently local jobs of industrial jeopardies and toxic taint are frequently tied to planetary foodstuff kine ticss. UCC s Sevin production works was built in Madhya Pradesh non to avoid environmental ordinances in the U.S. but to work the big and turning Indian pesticide market. However the way in which the undertaking was executed suggests the being of a dual criterion for transnational corporations runing in developing states. Enforceable unvarying supranational operating ordinances for uncivilised industries would hold provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international criterions could cede norms for mensurating universal presentation of angiotensin converting enzyme companies active in risky activities such as the industry of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in India. field of study authoritiess and international spots should concentrate on widely applicable techniques for merged duty and accident immobilise as much in the underdeveloped universe context as in advanced industrial states. Specifically, bar should implicate calamity decrease in works location and design and safety statute law.Local authoritiess clearly can non let industrial installations to be fixed within urban countries, irrespective of the development of land usage over cut. Industry and authorities need to convey proper fiscal support to local communities so they can supply medical and other necessary services to cut down morbidity, mortality and material loss in the interpreter of industrial accidents. unexclusive wellness nucleotide was really weak in Bhopal in 1984. Tap H2O was available for merely a few hours a two dozen hours and was of really piteous tone. With no working sewerage system, untreated human waste was steeped into two nearby lakes, one a beginning of imbibing H2O. The metropolis had four major infirmaries but there was a deficit of doctors and infirmary beds. There was besides no mass casualty exigency response system in topographic point in the metropolis. Existing public wellness substructu re needs to be taken into history when risky industries choose sites for hypocrisy workss. Future mission of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to progress planning before any catastrophe occurs. Communities that do non possess substructure and proficient expertness to react adequately to such industrial accidents should non be chosen as sites for risky industry.Since 1984Following the events of December 3 1984 environmental awareness and activism in India increased significantly. The Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986, making the Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) and beef uping India s reachtedness to the environment. Under the new act, the MoEF was given boilersuit duty for administrating and implementing environmental Torahs and policies. It established the importance of incorporating environmental schemes into all industrial development programs for the state. However, despite greater authorities committedness to prote ct public wellness, woods, and wildlife, policies adapt to developing the state s economic system have taken precedency in the last 20 old ages.India has undergone enormous economic exploitation in the two decennaries since the Bhopal catastrophe. Gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) per capita has increased from $ 1,000 in 1984 to $ 2,900 in 2004 and it continues to turn at a rate of over 8 % per twelvemonth. Rapid industrial development has contributed greatly to economic growing but there has been important cost in environmental debasement and increased public wellness hazards. Since suspension attempts consume a big part of India s GDP, MoEF faces an acclivitous conflict as it tries to carry through its authorization of cut belt down industrial pollution. Heavy trust on coal-burning power workss and hapless enforcement of vehicle emanation Torahs have result from economic concerns taking precedency over environmental protection.With the industrial growing since 1984, there has been an addition in little graduated table industries ( SSIs ) that are clustered about major urban countries in India. There are by and large less rigorous regulations for the intervention of waste produced by SSIs due to less waste coevals within each single industry. This has allowed SSIs to dispose of untreated effluent into drainage systems that flow straight into rivers. New Delhi s Yamuna River is exemplifying. Perilously high degrees of heavy metals such as lead, Co, Cd, chrome, Ni and Zn have been observe in this river which is a major supply of drinkable H2O to India s capital therefore presenting a possible wellness hazard to the people populating at that place and countries downstream.Land pollution due to un overlookled disposal of industrial solid and risky waste is besides a job throughout India. With rapid industrialisation, the coevals of industrial solid and risky waste has increased appreciably and the environmental impact is important.India relaxed its controls on foreign investing in order to submit to WTO regulations and thereby attract an increasing flow of capital. In the procedure, a figure of environmental ordinances are being rolled back as turning foreign investings continue to turn over in. The Indian experience is comparable to that of a figure of developing states that are sing the environmental impacts of geomorphologic accommodation. Exploitation and export of natural resources has accelerated on the subcontinent. Prohibitions against turn uping industrial installations in ecologically sensitive zones have been eliminated while preservation zones are being stripped of their position so that pesticide, cement and bauxite mines can be built. Heavy trust on coal-burning power workss and hapless enforcement of vehicle emanation Torahs are other effects of economic concerns taking precedency over environmental protection.In March 2001, occupants of Kodaikanal in southern India caught the Anglo-Dutch company, Unilever, red-handed wh en they discovered a garbage dump with toxic quicksilver laced waste from a thermometer mill run by the company s Indian subordinate, Hindustan Lever. The 7.4 ton reserve of mercury-laden glass was found in lacerate tonss sloping onto the land in a bit metal pace located near a school. In the autumn of 2001, sword from the ruins of the World Trade Center was exported to India seemingly without first being tested for taint from asbestos and heavy metals present in the twin tower dust. Other illustrations of hapless environmental stewardship and economic considerations taking precedency over public wellness concerns abound.The Bhopal catastrophe could hold changed the nature of the chemical industry and caused a redirect test of the necessity to bring forth such potentially harmful merchandises in the first topographic point. However the lessons of ague and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides and their precursors in Bhopal has non changed agricultural pattern forms. An estimat ed 3 million people per twelvemonth suffer the effects of pesticide poisoning with most exposure happening in the agricultural development universe. It is reported to be the cause of at least 22,000 deceases in India each twelvemonth. In the province of Kerala, important mortality and morbidity have been reported succeeding(prenominal) exposure to Endosulfan, a toxic pesticide whose usage continued for 15 old ages after the events of Bhopal.Aggressive selling of asbestos continues in developing states as a meaning of limitations being placed on its usage in developed states due to the well-established nexus between asbestos merchandises and respiratory diseases. India has become a major consumer, utilizing around 100,000 dozenss of asbestos per twelvemonth, 80 % of which is imported with Canada being the largest overseas provider. Mining, production and usage of asbestos in India is really slackly regulated despite the wellness jeopardies. Reports have shown morbidity and mortalit y from asbestos cerebrate disease depart go on in India without enforcement of a prohibition or significantly tighter controls.UCC has shrunk to one sixth of its size since the Bhopal catastrophe in an attempt to reconstitute and deprive itself. By making so, the company avoided a hostile coup detat, placed a important part of UCC s assets out of legal range of the victims and gave its stockholder and top executives big net incomes. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow chemicals and still provinces on its web site that the Bhopal catastrophe was cause by calculated sabotage .Some positive alterations were seen following the Bhopal catastrophe. The British chemical company, ICI, whose Indian subordinate manufactured pesticides, increased attending to wellness, safety and environmental issues following the events of December 1984. The subordinate now spends 30-40 % of their capital outgos on environmental-related undertakings. However, they still do non adhere to criterions every bit rigorous as their parent company in the UK.The US chemical giant DuPont learned its lesson of Bhopal in a different manner. The company attempted for a decennium to export a nylon works from Richmond, VA to Goa, India. In its early dialogues with the Indian authorities, DuPont had sought and won a singular clause in its investing understanding that absolved it from all liabilities in instance of an accident. But the people of Goa were non willing to assent while an of import ecological site was cleared for a heavy polluting industry. After about a decennary of protesting by Goa s occupants, DuPont was forced to scurry programs at that place. Chennai was the following proposed site for the plastics works. The province authorities at that place made significantly greater demand on DuPont for grants on public wellness and environmental protection. Finally, these programs were besides aborted due to what the company called fiscal concerns .QUESTIONAIRE phone Alke sh R TakpereAge 43Company Name RCFAppellation Chief Manager ( Technical services )Which merchandises do you cover in?Fertilizers and other chemicals1 ) Fertilizer Urea2 ) Complex fertilisers ( NPK )3 ) Methanol4 ) Sodium Nitrate5 ) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate6 ) Methylamines7 ) Dimethyl Form amide8 ) DimethylacetamideWhich is the most risky chemical and what is the injury caused due to it?Methanol is a risky chemical. It has severed effects on the organic structure such as terrible abdominal, leg, and back hurting. Sums of methyl alcohol can besides do Loss of vision and even sightlessness.Have your company faced any calamity with respects to gas escape?No, RCF has neer faced any gas escape jobs. During the start up and the shut down all the gases are arrested utilizing flairs.If yes, how did you cover with the state of affairs?We have upgraded ourselves with all the latest design. There are 22 workss in all and they are installed with DCS systems in all the workss. Bing establishe d in 1968 we bit by bit modernized all the systems. We have computerized control systems which help us track all the activities around the fabricating units. The temperature degree of all the vass can be moderated via computing machine.Internalized local area network system connexions with the ammonium hydroxide workss help in maintaining a cheque on operation of the works, temperature and chemical degrees, MCS 1010 grade Celsius.Workplace proctors help us to take disciplinary actions via Alarms and CCTV s which teaching the operators and the analysts.What are the ideal norms to be followed in a chemical fabrication company?There are two types of Norms followed by the RCF Safety norms and environment norms.Safety normsTraining to all contract employeesTime to clip wellness look into upSeparate preparation given to the employ scientistsFire contending preparationBaseball gloves, goggles and places to cover with risky chemicalsWelding shield for welding occupationsEnvironment no rmsNorms related to Sox, Nox, Ammonia, PM2.5 , CO etcOther stipulated norms given by CPCB ( Central Pollution Control Board ) and MPCB ( Maharashtra Pollution Control Board ) and RCF works manner below these norms.What safeguards are taken as a metre of safety?Surveies done by allocated organic structures ISO 14000, ISO 9000 & A OSAS -18000 ( Certified )Proper medical assistance handiness at the clip of accidentsDue attention for worker life by availing the insuranceHealth look into up from clip to clipWorkers with Phobia s detected by the physician are non permitted to workFire Fighting Training is given to the workers in the welding sectionMock bore on Levels 1,2, & A 3 is conducted one date in a one-fourth for supervising safetyFlat 1 Deals with gaseous emanationsFlat 2 Deals with Fire DepartmentFlat 3 Common group treatments are done in instance of major issues. Level 3 Mock drill is performed one time in a twelvemonth. BPCL & A HPCL are members with RCF who are taken int o consideration at degree 3Example Heavy escapeDid the company undergo any alterations after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?RCF has set up the environment cell in 1978.500 chromium. was spent for environment protection while puting up the cell.4 ambient air quality monitoring subdivisions are set up around each works of RCF to supervise the gas emanations from the works.They function 247 to convey and capture informations every 15 proceedingss.Meteorological Department is set up in one of the workss to command the air pollution around RCF.Are all the employees in your company insured?There is a group insurance policyThe contract workers are insured under ESIWhat is the function of the company in societal duty?Autonomic nervous system The following enterprises have been taken by the companya? Farmer Education on farm inputsa? poop Testing of major and micro foodsa? Water/Irrigation directiona? Plant Protection Measuresa? Training on station crop engineering & A sellinga? Field and Crop De monstrations are other effectual agencies of leaving cognition to husbandmans.a? Tie-up with M/s ITC e-choupala? The Company has 6 inactive and 4 nomadic soil-testing new waves. More than 60,000 dirt samples are tested every twelvemonth and recommendations on efficient usage of fertilisers are given through Soil Health Cards .a? 600 Krishi-melas conducted functioning about 3,00,000 husbandmans per twelvemontha? RCF has launched a dedicated web site for husbandmans www.rcfkrushisamridhi.com What are the assorted monitoring & A surveillance system adopted by the company for security intents?Autonomic nervous system For security purposes the company follows assorted policies likeThe Fraud Prevention Policy of RCF-2010 has been framed to supply a system for sensing and bar of fraud, coverage of any fraud that is detected or suspected and just dealing of affairs refering to fraud. The policy will guarantee and supply for the followers 1. To guarantee that direction is cognizant of it s duties for sensing and bar of fraud and for set uping processs for forestalling fraud and/or observing fraud when it occurs.2. To supply a clear counsel to employees and others covering with RCF, prohibiting them from engagement in any deceitful activity and the action to be taken by them where they suspect any deceitful activity.3. To carry on probes into deceitful activities.4. To supply confidences that any and all suspected deceitful activity will be to the full investigated.This policy applies to any fraud, or suspected fraud, affecting employees of RCF ( all full clip, portion clip or employees appointed on adhoc / impermanent / contract footing, student nurses and trainees ) every bit good as representatives of sellers, providers, contractors, advisers, service suppliers or any outside bureau making any type of concern with RCF.The company besides employs 12 to 15 security guards in & A around the office premises.What is the back-up program of the company in instance of in decent accident or any exigency?Autonomic nervous system There is handiness of ambulance at mill siteSafety dismaies are available as a warning signal to move rapidly in instance of exigencyWorkers are provided with proper and retained machineriesWhat function does moralss play at RCF?We make certain that air pollution Act, H2O pollution act and noise pollution act are followed purely. In MOU with authorities of India we guarantee that are 2 adult male yearss per employee for preparation.What step has RCF taken apart from the authorities norms?Alternatively of N2O, RCF uses DN2O acid accelerator which has the potentiality of overpowering pollution by 300 times. We besides use selective catalytic reactor to breathe colourless exhausts alternatively of brown exhausts as earlier.Interpretation & A Analysis of the InterviewRCF produces fertilisers and other risky chemicals of the classs15-15-15 & A 20-20-0RCF being one of the largest chemical fertilizing workss takes extreme safegu ards and applies rigorous pattern of safety steps.They are really fantastic about the safety and take heavy steps for the same.They give equal preparation to all the workers every bit good as the contract employees. They are one measure in front in using the safety norms. There have no incident taken topographic point in RCF with regard to gas escape or other such catastrophe.They are really advanced and have modernized all the workss since 1968.They usage computerised monitoring system to look into the operation of every works which is reviewed in every 15 minutes.There are 22 workss and a works is shut down one time a twelvemonth for one-year care either in May or October for a maximal period of 20 yearss one works at a time.They have spent around 500 crores for developing the environment cell therefore lending to the protection of environment.They are besides really mirthful about the wellness of every worker. Besides after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the authorities norms have bec ome really stringent.Thus, the whole interview gave us a thought that RCF believes in Better Safe than Sorry Q. Describe the systematic mistakes that led to the catastrophe in December 1984?These were the above factors that contributes to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984.A ProductionThe usage of risky chemicals like ( MIC ) alternatively of less unsafe onesA.CareStoring these chemicals in big armored combat vehicles alternatively of over 200 trade name drums.APossible eating stuff in pipelinesA APoor care after the works ceased production in the early 1980sASECURITY & A sanctuaryFailure of several safety systems ( due to hapless care and ordinances ) .ASafety systems being switched off to salvage money-including the MIC armored combat vehicle infrigidation system which entirely would hold prevented the catastrophe. governing bodyThe job was made worse by the works s location near a dumbly populated ground, non-existent calamity programs and defects in wellness attention and soci o-economic rehabilitation.Analysis shows that the parties responsible for the magnitude of the catastrophe are the two proprietors, Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India, and to some extent, the Government of Madhya Pradesh.financeSupplying less rewards & A no publicities to extremely skilled workers which made them to exchange the administration.TrainingCoercing the workers to utilize English manuals even after cognizing they are non familiar with the linguistic communication.Q. Find out trigger points that a uninterrupted procedure fabrication works covering with risky stuffs need to watch out for?A uninterrupted procedure fabrication works have to watch out on following pointsChemical degrees ofNightSoxAmmonia $ other risky ChemicalsTemperature degrees of the VesselsAfter Bhopal Gas Tragedy, all the chemical fabrication companies have started holding hart proctors in every subdivision as a safeguard step.Wherever these risky chemicals are produced, stored, used o r handled, a proper and effectual wellness direction programme should be implemented so as to protect the pastime and safeguard the safety and wellness of people who are exposed to such stuffs.Policies and scheme the duty of the direction sing the safety of employees and the usage of the chemicals should be stated in the policy statement. To give consequence to the policy, the direction must border a broad scheme on pull offing the risky chemicals. autobiography of chemicals these should incorporate the information sing the location and the stock list of the chemicals. Besides it should advert the figure of people exposed to those risky chemicals.Risk appraisal and command 1 ) designation of the safety and the wellness risky events,2 ) Frequency of the exposure to the chemicals and likeliness of happening of the events and its development excessively.If the determination shows that the hazard is excessively high and non acceptable than preventative steps should be taken every bi t shortly as possible.Safety work processs at any point where and when this chemicals are used in managing there should be a compose process for the start up, everyday operation, shut down and care work. It besides include the usage of personal protective equipments when necessary and besides other safeguards to be taken. computer storage of chemicals a storage system is established based on the nature of the chemical, mutual exclusiveness, measure and environmental conditions. So the layout of the storage design should take into the consideration like the statutory demand, material safety informations and besides other national and international criterions to be followed.Personal protection equipment include inhalators, safety spectacless, field shields overall, aprons and baseball mitts.Workplace supervising it reveals which workers, acres of the workplace and nearby locality of the works will be most affected if degree of the airborne taint additions. A prescribed medical examination by a competent individual should be carried out and besides consequence of the monitoring should be right evaluated and decently recorded.Emergency planning responses and first assistance procedures its needed to get by upwith chemical acciidents such as fires, detonations, spills, or leaks of risky stuffs. Emergency processs should be established so that the beginning of release should be decently rectified and the country of taint could be decently contained. The first assistance programme will guarantee that commissariats for exigency intervention of victims of chemical toxic condition or overweening exposure to toxic chemicals are met.Information and preparation employees who handle chemicals or may be affected by them should be informed of the hazard potency of these chemicals and the processs for safe handling, minimisation of exposure. A preparation programme should be instituted to guarantee that the safe handling process are both known and understood by all have-to doe with. Information on risky chemicals and safe handling processs should be disseminated on a regular basis to employees involved via group and single preparation, informations sheets and other AIDSs.Programme reappraisal and audit the direction should carry on an one-year reappraisal of its risky stuff, direction programmed to guarantee that it is applicable and up-to-date. The programme should be subjected to regular audits to guarantee that it has been implemented efficaciously. The direction should implement the recommendations of the reappraisal and the audit to better and heighten the programme.Acts and regulations sing the chemical industriesEnvironment directionThe air bar and control of pollution act, 1981amended 1987The H2O bar and control of pollution act, 1974 amended 1988The environment protection act 1986 amended 1991Hazardeous wastes ( direction and handling regulation ) , 1986 amended 2004Ozone depleting substances ( ordinance and control ) regulations, 2 000Batteries ( direction and managing ) regulations 2001Chemical safety and exigency directionIndustry storage and import of hazardeous chemical regulations 1989 amended 2000Chemical accidents ( exigency planning and response ) regulation, 1996Public lialibity insurance act, 1991 amended 1998Specific chemical category/containerThe chemical carbide rules,1987The explosives act, 1988The gas cylinders regulations 2004The insect powders act,1988The fertilizer control order act, 1985The crude oil act, 1934Other relevant to chemical directionFactories act, 1948The moter vehicals act, 1988The mines act 1952The national catastrophe direction act, 2005Chemical Rules in India BackgroundPrime DriversA Bhopal Gas Disaster, 1984A Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986A Multilateral environmental Agreements ( MEAs )A Responsible Care OSHAS 18001Aims Prevention of major accidents Restricting the effects on adult male & A environment Safety, control steps and coordination amongst bureaus.Chemical R ules in India BackgroundIndustrial Activities Covered in the ordinances Production, storages, usage and import of thespecified risky chemicals.Chemical and petrochemical substances holding risky ( i.e. flammable, explosive, caustic, toxic ) belongingss.memorys of risky chemicals non associated with procedures.Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical RulesRequirements in instance of Low Level Chemicals Identify jeopardies associated with industrialactivity and take equal stairss for bar and control succeed relevant information to individuals apt to be affected by a major accidentDevelop information in the signifier of a safety informations sheetsIndustry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical RulesRequirements in instance of the Medium & A High degree chemicals & A Storages off from Plant.A exact written study sing Notification of site at least three months before and get downing any activity utilizing risky stuffsA interpose Safety Report at least 3 months before get downing activityIndustry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical RulesRequirements in instance of the Medium & A High degree chemicals & A Storages off from Plant ( Contd.. ) A Submit an up-to-date safety study at least 90 yearss before doing any alterationA New and bing industrial activities to transport out safety auditand submit study within 30 yearssA Submit a safety audit update study once a twelvemonth and send oning a transcript within 30 yearssA desex up-to-date on site exigency program before get downing a new industrial activity affecting specified chemicals.Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical RulesRequirements in instance of the Medium & A High degree chemicals & A Storages off from Plant ( Contd.. ) AConduct a mock drill of exigency program every six months and subject a studyAMaintain records of imports of risky chemicals and to supply information to the concerned AuthorityEnsure the transit of risky chemicals as per the proviso of the Motor Ve hicles Act, 1988.Chemical Accidents ( Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response ) RulesA Central Crisis Group acme organic structure to cover with major chemical accidents and to supply adept counsel for managing major chemical accidents Continuously monitor the station accident state of affairs from major accidents, suggest steps for barA State Crisis Group Vertex organic structure in the province to cover with major chemical accidents and supply adept counsel Reappraisal all territory off-site exigency programs in the province and study to cardinal Crisis GroupLoopholes in Indian ordinances polisher stock jobsTo put up universe category capacity works.Government should in audience with industry should develop a policy for allotment of pilot light stock to outdo suitable merchandises.Government should setup support financess and supply inducements.Chemical bunchs There is a demand to organize bunchs with proviso of common substructure installations to turn to the restraints of common wastewater intervention, conveyance linkages, including roads, power supply, H2O installations.Consolidation of little capacities Government will make consciousness about benefits of capacity consolidation amongst SMEs. Wherever possible, authorities will back up consolidation of smaller capacities and constitution of chemical bunchs by switching downstream capacities near to female parent workss. Government may see to supply portion fiscal aid for any such resettlement.Forte chemicals as a focal point countryProvding fund for Technology up-gradation for chemicalsEstablish chemical sector council for inventionSign international coaction understandings with other advanced states in this sectorPromotional Issues National Awards for Technology Innovation- A strategy of national awards for engineering invention in assorted Fieldss, such as dyes, pesticides, chlor bases, etc. , is to be formulated. Under this strategy, the Government would commit awards for outstanding parts mad e in engineering inventions. The choice for awards would be made by a Committee of high individuals.Industrial Trade Fairs and Exhibitions- The Government would actively ease and back up the selling and organisation of major exhibitions and events in order to supply a platform to the Indian chemical industries to demo instance their strengths.Market Development- The Government would research new avenues of export of chemical from India to Latin American, African and Middle East states through our embassies and missions abroad.DecisionThe calamity was caused due to synergy of really worst American an Indian civilizations. The safety processs were minimal and neither the proprietors nor the local direction seemed to take necessary safeguards. The fact is the direction was non really wide-awake for such an inauspicious state of affairs. No prompt action was taken by local governments.Our legal system failed miserably, which needs to be changed every bit shortly as possible for the saf ety of people and improvement of state. we need to see assorted international pacts to give justness to people suffered in such a sort of calamity. The MNC s operating in India must hold to the status of making concern that they will subject to the legal power of Indian tribunals both civil and condemnable. They must be responsible for the act of their subordinates in the host state and non disinherit them like cowards.The effort by the top direction of the Union Carbide USA to switch all the incrimination of Bhopal Gas Tragedy out to the direction of its Indian subdivision is the act of cowardiness.Notice should besides be taken into consideration that even the authorities of Madhya Pradesh was every bit responsible for the calamity that had taken topographic point. It was the administrative responsibility of the province authorities to play its restrictive and supervisory function with most earnestness.

Parking management system Essay

Globalization of the worlds industrial economies greatly enhances the value randomness to the rm and offers innovative opportunities to businesses. Today, data systems provide the conference and analytic power that rms rent for conducting trade and managing businesses on a global scale.harmonize to Kenneth and Jane (1998) 11, new kinds of knowledge and schooling-intense organizations begin emerged that argon devoted entirely to the production,processing,and distribution of study. In knowledge-and information- ground economy,information engineering science and systems worry on great importance. Knowledge-based products and services of great economic value such(prenominal) as credit cards,overnight package delivery, world-wide package delivery and worldwide reservation systems atomic number 18 based on new information technologies. Information technology constitutes to a greater extent than 70 percentage of the invested capital in service industries such as nance,insuranc e,and authoritative estate.Across all industries,information and the technology that delivers it have become critical and strategic assets for the business rms and their managers. Information systems are needed to optimize the ow of information and knowledge indoors the organization and to help management maximizethe rms knowledge resources.Beca drug ab practice session the productivity of employees give depend on the quality of the systems serving them,management decisions about information technology are critically all-important(prenominal) to the prosperity and survival of a rm.Public utilities need a lay infrastructure that support function efciently and be integrated with the other urban city utilities. Economic development sees place as a tool to support current economic activity and as fillip to attract new businesses. Safety and security departments see set and its prerequisite enforcement as, just that, a requirement, albeit it is a low priority requirement that screw gambol that department from its higher priority function.Many pose facilities in Uganda are not effectively managed,take an example of the place at Mulago Hospital were position lays are sufcient to cater for the motorists that visit the hospital at a given term,but because of haphazard method of parking adopted by motorists that park according to convenience preferably than utilizing bays systematically. This has ca utilize jams at ill-tempered spots of the hospital leaving other parking spaces free.This calls for a place Management System that can be apply grant bays to the motorists in a systematic and consistent manner so as to avoid trafc jams at busy spots.The inability of motorists to identify parking bays at a specic facility in the shortest m possible would, signicantly, contribute to fatigue in operating the vehicle. Moreover, about motorists that fail to nd parking space tend to park vehicles illegally on shoulders or pavements which would likely resul t in unsafe conditions to highway trafc, such as Limiting the ability of put vehicles to accelerate safely into trafc steam. Conicts between exiting and parked vehicles. Restriction of sign distance. Obstacles in clear recovery zone for errant vehicles. consort to Trombly, (2003) 12, at that place is an existing phenomenon that truck device drivers tend to use specic truck stops or rest areas on a specic route. It was bring in atomic number 101 that some drivers would give up seeking parking availability further and park on ramps and shoulders even when there are parking spaces available nigh . Thus,some ages full occupancy exists at some locations, while parking spaces at other locations whitethorn not be fully utilized due to the unknowing of parking availabilities.Information technologies have been introduced into vehicles parking management system for decades. Providing real-time or near real-time parking guidance information to drivers is one important aspect and has eme rged for more than than twenty years. The general concept of this kind of system consists of main(prenominal)ly these components. Firstly, parking management centers collect parking arrival data by using sensors or detectors.Secondly, parking data collected is processed into parking availability information, and thirdly, this information is disseminated via all kinds of information media, such as radio, message signs, recall and so on. Under the guidance of this information, drivers are supposed to reduce on-road searching time for parking spaces, which can consequently release the trafc congestion during wind hours. Nowadays, parking information and guidance systems have been put into practice in tens of cities or airports in Europe, America, and Japan. However, very limited practice on parking information systems specically for trucks on interstate highways have been put so far. In some states in US, advisory parking information 3has been provided to truck drivers on signs al ong interstate highways, but currently there are few systematic descriptions on the implementation of this system. Garden City is one of the biggest shopping malls in capital of Uganda City,located along Yusuf Lule Road. It has become a popular shopping anchor in Uganda with numerous number of shops dealing in a variety of goods. These range from home-use products to refreshment facilities available at the mall.The Shopping complex was designed in such a way that it can accommodate parking for the clienteles motor-vehicles. in that location are two levels of parking. Level I parking is on oor one of the shopping mall with a capacity of 110 motor vehicles whereas Level II parking is at the basement stretching to thecomplexs yard has a capacity 240 motor-vehicles. The parking bays are clearly marked and can accommodate up to 350 motor-vehicles on a busy feeding day.The entire complex is secured with a wall fence and access to the shopping mall is through one trip up for motor-vehic les coming in and at the same time acts as an exit for motorists that are leaving the premises. At the moment,no charges are levied to the motorists that occupy the parking zones,this was identied by the writer as good source of revenue for the owners of the shopping mall by charging a fee for all the motorists that utilize the parking bays.The kinds of systems built forthwith are very important for the overall performance of the organization,especially in todays highly globalized economy.Information systems are driving both daily trading operations and organizational strategy. Powerful computers,software,and networks have helped organizations become more exible,eliminate layers of management,separate work from location,and restructure work ows,giving new powers both to origin workers and management. The Internet and other networks have redened organization boundaries,opening new opportunities for electronic markets and electronic commerce. To maximize the services of informati on technology,there is a much greater need to plan for the overall information architecture of the organization.1.2 Statement of the problemThere is no systematic method for the allocation of parking bays and management lacks coordinated and centralized information for the effective management and bid of the parking facility.1.3 intents1.3.1General ObjectiveThe goal of this research is to develop a Parking Management System for Garden City Complex which will manage the parking facility more efciently.The management system will involve the development and application of a variety of advanced technology and automated contain strategies to achieve signicant parking improvements resulting in maximum utilization of the available parking areas.1.3.2The specic objectives include1. Optimizing use of limited parking spaces to ensure that the motorists are assigned bays in the shortest time possible.2. Revenue generation and accountability, management will be in position to determine reven ue realized from motorists utilizing the parking bays by querying the system. 3. Customer satisfaction Motorists will be alloted parking bays systematically by the parking management system, this will ease on the congestion brought about by motorists scrambling for specic parking bays for convenience.1.4 orbital cavityThe expulsion will realize its achievements based on the parking management of garden city complex. The scope of this study is a short term project level,therefore it weights towards buildting a system fully enforced.1.5 JusticationFindings of the study will be useful in the efcient utilization of limited available Parking space summate at Garden City Complex and other institutions within the city . The ndings will also help Kampala City Council (KCC)in formulating policies with regard to parking control and management for shopping malls,for example making it obligatory for all those intending to put up structures in the city to make provisions for parking in the basements. This marriage proposal suggests a parking information system that will serve the customer and the management of parking at the Shopping mall. Parking services will modify the customer to locate available parking,get directions,and make payment.CHAPTER TWO2 LITERATURE REVIEWAn extensive refreshen of the literature related to parking systems was conducted by the researcher. The review seeks to follow available parking management systems and to understand their potential. The types of technologies included in th review are Parking pleader Information (PGI), transit based information,smart payment systems, and e-parking. This section documents the major nding of the literature review.2.1 The need for a Parking Management SystemAccording to Caroline,Rodier and Amanda (2004)5,Early examples of smart parking management were Parking steering Information (PGI) systems that attempt to minimize parking search trafc in large parking facilities and central cities by dynamically monitoring available parking,and directing motorists with Changeable inwardness Signs (CMS).The rst Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were installed in Achen,Germany,in the early 1970s. It is now estimated that more than 100 parking guidance information systems have been installed in cities throughout the world with the greatest concentration in Europe and Japan. In the United States,city center Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems exist in St. Paul,Minnesota,and Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. vast airport parking garage PGI systems have been installed in Baltimore,Maryland Houston,Texas Orlando,Florida and Minneapolis/St. Paul,Minnesota.Empirical and simulation studies of selected systems indicate that awareness and understanding of PGI signs can be relatively high,but in shape to be effective,messages must display accurate information that meets travelers needs . Interestingly,visitors are more likely than resident commuters to use city center Parking Guidance Inform ation (PGI) systems. Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were found to reduce parking facility queue lengths however,system-wide reductions in travel time and vehicle travel,and economic benets may be relatively small.Uganda as a developing country has not yet embraced such systems in its capitals Central Business govern (CBD),however the need for such systems is increasingly becoming inevitable because the demand for parking bays has tremendously shot up surpassing the supply especially at busy shopping malls. The only way the limited parking bays can be put to effective use is by employing a parking management system.According to Chopper (2005) 6,Parking in the San Diego Gaslamp Quarter is a very stressful activity for visitors. Visitors must circulate through the Gaslamp Quarter searching for parking on the route curb,in at lots and parking structures. The circulating trafc is a signicant nuisance to foot trafc,contributes air and noise pollution and adds to already con gested trafc ow. Fundamentally,studies have shown that there is a sufcient number of parking spaces,but the drivers spend a considerable amount of time searching for an empty spot. Existing parking control is serving the enforcement function,but provides little service to the customer.According to Axhausen and Polak (1995)2,Building upon the objectives of Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems,transit-based smart parking systems seek to increase transit use and revenues,reduce vehicle travel,lower force out use,and reduce air pollution. These systems provide motorists with information via Changeable Message Signs (CMS) about spaces in park and ride lots,transit schedules and downstream trafc conditions.The literature suggests that parking shortages at suburban rail stations may signicantly constrain transit ridership,thus more effective use of station parking may increase transit use and revenues . In addition, motorists may respond to pre-trip and en-route information on parki ng availability at transit stations by increasing their use of transit . Finally,regular commuters are more responsive to information about parking in conjunction with transit than more basic Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems,because this information may be essential to catching a train during peak hours . Transit-based systems are concentrated in Europe and Japan however,at least two have been initiated in the United States in conjunction with Chicagos Metra System and San Joses Valley Transit Authority.Trafc congestion is a problem that appears to be increasing in a worldwide context. In youthful years considerable effort has been paid to the investigation of methods to reduce such congestion and the accidents and hazards that are usually associated with it. Collectively these efforts come under the aegis of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).A critical part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Essentiall y these consist of in-vehicle information and guidance systems which help the driver to select routes which will reduce congestion,to nd parking in areas where it is sparse,and to facilitate rescheduling of activities when congestion makes this a feasible alternative. It is argued that such helpful information will benet individual drivers in terms of helping to achieve their scheduled behaviors and activities as rise up as beneting the system by improving trafc ow.Axhausen (1994) 2 carried out triple waves of surveys (one before wave and two after(prenominal) waves) to compare the reduction in parking search time after implementation of the parking information system in Frankfurt am Main,Germany. A non-linear model was developed to relate the parking 10search time to the estimated occupancy of off-street parking facilities before and after installation of parking guidance and information system.Smart parking systems can also take advantage of innovative technologies to improve the ease and convenience of paying for parking. Smart cards can minimize transaction time by allowing a user to manifestly wave their card in front of a reader,and contact less cards with wireless communication capabilities can further reduce delays. Mobile communication devices can also be used in smart payment transactions. Smart parking payment systems are now being developed and implemented worldwide by cell phone developers,credit card companies,and other technology and service providers. Smart payment systems were found to reduce operation,maintenance and enforcement costs as well as improve collection rates . When transit agencies attempt to induce drivers off of highways to take transit into a city center,time saving.Hester(2002) 9 designed two investigates in a visualized driving simulator to test alternative models of drivers parking decision with the parking availability and guidance information displayed on variable quantity Message Signs (VMS). In Experiment 1,three different versions of the expected utility theory were tested. In these three hypotheses,one might assume that drivers attempt to- minimize the expected travel time, minimize the paseo distance,and minimize the time washed-out on waiting for a lot for a parking space or, equivalently,maximize the parking availability.The results in Experiment 1 showed that participants responses were more often consistent withthe decision to minimize the expected travel time than they were either with the decision to minimize the walking distance or to maximize the parking availability. However,a further study in Experiment 2 suggested that the strategies that most test drivers used is a lexicographic decision strategy,in which drivers decided to park in a lot if the number of open spaces was greater than or equal to some criteria number. Such a strategy is more simple cognitively than the previous one,and thereby greatly reduces the cognitive load on the drivers.Asakura (1994) 3 developed a comp uter simulation model to evaluate the effects of parking information. The simulation model consists of three sub-models a demand model based on multinomial logic model,a performance model to describe the car parking status,and an information service model. The messages shown on signs in the simulation were in three types of legends waiting time,FULL/SPACES,and number of vacancies.Simulation results were for different scenarios with regard to different ratios of system users among all drivers and different congestion levels. It was found that the average waiting time decreases with the increasing proportion of informed drivers, especially when the proportion diversenesss from 0 to 10 percent. The FULL/SPACES type is the most effective in reducing average waiting time at higher congestion levels the waiting time information is the most effective at low congestion level,and the number of vacancies information is the least one in both cases.Polak (1995)3 stresses that in recent years,h owever,there has been an increasing effort to focus on the driver as a recipient of advanced traveler information by developing a series of simulators,which allow manipulation of environments and observation of different driver behaviors . The use of such simulators is most helpful when attempting to decide the likelihood that drivers will accept information dispensed through their in vehicle guidance system. The development 12of driver simulators and the consequent modeling of driver behavior has been an attempt to enrich the potential of Advanced Traveler Information System(ATIS) methodology. Of signicant importance,however,is the increased acknowledgment that these simulations work best if the environment is designed to have as many important real-world features as possible (e.g.,trafc lanes instead of undifferentiated network arcs signalized or other controlled intersections instead of unconstrained nodes in a graph theoretic representation of a system indicators of trafc speed and driving headway etc.).According to Havinoviski,(2000) 8In Chicago,real-time parking management systems for parkingand-ride facilities along transit corridors were proposed . The systems will display or broadcast overall and specic parking lot information,next train arrival information,expressway or tollway incident and travel time information. Infrared detection,inductive loop detection,video image processing were considered the most practical techniques for measurement of parking availability. Four technologies,namely Internet,telephone, versatile message signs,highway advisory radio,were considered for information dissemination.Allen (1993) 1 canvass the impacts of a parking guidance and information system on drivers behaviors at a disaggregated level in Kingston-up-Thames,London,United Kingdom. An attitude questionnaire and a Stated Preference (SP) experiment were employed in the study. The results of the attitude questionnaire showed a low level of system usage. 4 percent of all respondents were totally unaware of the system 47 percent were aware of,but had never used it 49 percent had used the system. In the Stated Preference experiment,parking price,walking time,and content of Variable Message Signs (VMS) were included. As the results suggested,the occupancy information of parking lots shown on Variable Message Signs (VMS) has a signicant effect on car-park choice 13probability. When contents of Variable Message Signs (VMS) change from SPACE to FULL,a dramatic instantaneous impact on driver behavior resulted.Polak (1990) 2 summarized the basic technologies of Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in the European and Japanese cities and the approaches adopted to system design and operation before 1990s. In reviewing the effectiveness of these systems,it was noted that Variable Message Signs (VMS) was a relatively mature technology for PGI systems,and two main technologies rotating prisms and ber-optics were of proven reliability Basically, all those studies were based on the naive comparisons of before-and-after car parks usage patterns,arrival proles at the facilities,and trafc volumes,where before-and-after drivers surveys were mostly conducted. Those studies showed that parking guidance systems could have an impact on trafc and parking patterns by redistributing parking demand between car parks,and by alleviating queues at the most popular car parks. subaltern evidence showed that those systems had given rise to any substantial changes in trafc volumes,arrival patterns and congestion.Edwards and Kelcey,(1997) 7 assert that,Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were used in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. circulate detectors were used as the counting equipment at off-street parking facilities. Controller interface units then mechanically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived o r left the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were processed by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via Radio Frequency (RF) cellular communications.An Advanced Parking Information (API) system was designed and put into test operations in Saint Paul,Minnesota in late 1995 and early 1996 (Edwards and Kelcey Inc.,1997 HNTB,(1997). Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were used in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. Loop detectors were used as the counting equipment at off-street parking facilities. Controller interface units then automatically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or left the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were proce ssed by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via radio frequency (RF) cellular communications.According to Road Bureau Ministry of Land,(2002) 9,parking guidance systems already had been implemented in 40 cities by the year of 1995in Japan (Toyama,1995). Most of them were based on Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs for display parking information at that time. The effects of these systems include leveled utilization factor,less parking search time,and reduced on-road parking and smoother trafc. In recent years,new technologies were introduced to parking systems. Since 1999,Internet web sites have been served for providing parking information in many Japanese cities. Other services such as cellular phone,Community Antenna television receiver (CATV),information service terminals at airports and bus terminals have also been included as parts of parking guidance systems in Japan to make more efcient us e of parking facilities and making parking facilities more convenient.Burdette (1999 2001) 4 investigated advanced parking information systems at airports. In the research,a variety of Intelligent Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies applicable to Advanced Parking Information (API) at airports were investigated. A nine-step guideline was developed for implementing an advanced parking information system at airports. According to a small sample survey conducted in the study,Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs,radio,in-vehicle navigation system,and Internet are the most users preferred Intelligence Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies for this system.Parking information systems have been in practice for nearly 30 years,mainly serving for urban off-street,airport,and transit/bus parking facilities. In this information age,a number of new technologies are used in this kind of system. Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs, Internet web site,telephone,and Highway Advisory Radio (H AR) are the most commonly used and acceptable technologies for disseminating parking information. The most commonly used data collection technologies include loop detector,infrared detector, radar or sonic detector,video image processing,and so on.2.2 Chapter SummaryIn an increasingly digital and wireless age,parking managers can take advantage of available technology to reduce operation,maintenance,and enforcement costs as well as to improve ease and convenience for motorists. Smart parking can make efcient use of existing parking spaces and to make reserving and paying for parking,fast, convenient,and reliable.CHAPTER THREE3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Data CollectionThis chapter presents the data collection methods that were used by the researcher in exercising the study,tools that were used in the analysis and design of the system and also the tools used to develop and implement the system.The various data or requirements gathering techniques that were used included the following1. Interview s An interview is a conversation in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required they can understand questions,which are put to them and will be willing to give answers while they are face-to-face. The researcher was able to interview some of the Garden City complex staff members and parking users who were utilizing the parking facility at that particular time and this helped the researcher to get rst-hand information on the operations of the parking facility. .2. Questionnaires Questionnaires were used by the researcher to gather factsabout the parking behaviour of motorists and payment methods,questionnaires were aimed at getting information about the time spent in parking , and the mode of payment motorists would prefer for the utilization of parking bays.(Questionnaires appear in the appendix part of this report. It was established from the questionnaires and interviews conducted that some motoristsprefered to pay in advance for use the parking facility for a given period to on-spot payment. The argument raised was that they at times run out of cash after shopping. On the other hand, it was also established that other motorists do rarely visit the shopping mall and as such they were willing to pay on spot for use of the parking facility. From the two arguments raised,it was concluded that the system to be built would accommodate both parties by making provisions for advance payments and on-spot payments. 3. notice The purpose of observation was to determine the measurements, types, numbers,objectives and so on. The process of observation is not conned to seeing only. We can observe by hearing,smelling,teaching,and tasting. The method was mainly used in viewing the set up of available parking bays,viewing for example the security cards given to the entrance as evidence that they are utilizing parking bays.It was observed that each saloon car is sl ated to occupy one parking bay at a given time. This method was also used to get information about the structure of the organization and any relevant background information about the organization that proved relevant to the study. I went further to savour through some of transactions and this later helped in determining the data stored per entity involved in the designed system.