Bio 101 Week 4 Assignment Essay Example

Bio 101 Week 4 Assignment Essay Example Bio 101 Week 4 Assignment Paper Bio 101 Week 4 Assignment Paper Organism Physiology: The Octopus Bio/101 The cephalopodor octopus is a marine organism that inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean. Its food source consists of crabs, small fish, clams, mussels and other marine animals. The octopus is a predatory animal and has developed many skills to aid in its survival in the environment it has adapted to. The octopus has several main organs that are vital to its survival; the brain for its intelligence; the ink sack for its defense; and the arms for capturing its prey. This paper will discuss these different organs and how they have evolved physiologically to its environment. Unlike its other cousins in the Mollusca family, octopuses have a considerably large brain in comparison to their bodies. In fact, they have the largest and most complex brain of any invertebrate. Even in the United Kingdom, under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 has given the species a title of honorary vertebrate (Deb, 2010). The brain sits just below the optic canal and wraps around the esophagus of the octopus. The brain is composed of 50 to 75 lobes and about half a billion neurons. Roughly two thirds of the neurons lie in the arms of the octopus, which uniquely have their own nervous systems (Miller, 2009). It is hypothesized that the brain of the octopus gives a task to the arm and the arm essentially decides how to carry out that task. An experiment was done that involved separating and cutting the nerves of the arm from other nerves in the body and then tickling the arm. The response showed the injured arm reacted just as a healthy octopus’s arm would (Horton, 2008). All of this unique circuitry gives the octopus immaculate control over their bodies. The octopus prefers movement in a style closest to walking. Suckers on each arm move in unison to propel the octopus. Each sucker has up to 10,000 neurons in it (Horton, 2008). As the octopus moves along the ocean floor, these neurons allow the octopus to learn its surroundings. They can remember the environments and keep a working memory of areas they have fed on in the past that may be more dangerous than others. When feeding in a treacherous environment both prey and predator must develop a varied range of hunting and defense behaviors. Marine biologists that have studied cephalopods claim that their subjects even have personalities and â€Å"that octopuses engage in play, the deliberate, repeated, outwardly useless activity through which smarter animals explore their world and refine their skills† (Scigliano, 2003). One scientist claims that her octopus even â€Å"bubble surfs† by spreading his mantle out and letting the aerator jets from his tank run under his body (Scigliano, 2003). . Key traits were noted out of 73 lab-bred octopuses. Discoveries showed temperamental variations at different maturity levels. Young octopuses tended to be active and aggressive whereas more mature ones tended to be more alert and quick to react to danger (Scigliano, 2003). Evidence that even though their lifespan is short their brain evolves and adapts quickly. Around the mouth of the octopus are eight arms. The eight arms allow the octopus to move, crawl, and swim around in its habitat. Octopuses crawl slowly, walking on its arms to move through the water headfirst with the arms trailing behind. When necessary, octopuses can move fast using their arms to propel it through the water similar to jet propulsion. The suckers found on the underside of the arms aid in catching prey for food, and as a weapon when threatened by the enemy. Octopus facts for kid’s states, â€Å"Octopuses are stealthy hunters changing their color to match the surroundings as they hide. The octopus waits for the prey to arrive within reach, then grabs it and secretes a nerve poison, stunning the prey. † In times of distress, the octopus can detach a limb and the crawling arm serves as a distraction to the predator, allowing the octopus to escape. The octopus will sometimes eat its own arm and the arm will re-grow later with no permanent damage. A neurological disorder causes this (Octopus, 2008). The octopus will also detach a limb during reproduction. The male uses a special arm, usually the third right arm, called a hectocotylus, to insert sperm into the female’s cavity. The third right arm detaches during sexual intercourse and the male dies within a few months after mating. The excellent sense of touch in the octopus is due to the chemoreceptors in the suckers of the arms. These chemoreceptors help the octopus taste what it is touching, and sense when the arms are out but cannot determine the position of its body or arms. The arms of the octopus are physically suited to the environment it inhabits to allow movement, reproduction, feeding, and defense. The octopus is known to be an intelligent creature and over time they have developed defense mechanisms to avoid its predators. The primary defense of the cephalopod is to hide or swim away. But when the octopus is scared it has the ability to release ink in a squirting fashion. The ink sac in an octopus can be found below it’s digestive gland. Located there is a small gland that produces the ink and then a larger muscular sac that stores the ink. The sac has a gland that connects to the anus. When the octopus is scared, the ink is released from the ink sac through the anus and into the funnel where it is mixed with mucous. Melanin, the main component of the ink, clings to the mucous molecules giving morphing into a cloud-like illusion allowing the octopus to swim away and leaving the predator confused. In addition to having melanin, the ink also contains tyrosinase, a very irritating chemical that temporarily suspends the predators sense of smell and irritates the eye (Mather, Anderson, Wood, 2010). While not all species of octopuses have an ink sac the majority still alive today do. The exceptions to this are cephalopods that live in deeper, darker waters where there is very little light. The defense is useless unless the attacker has light to see (Mather, Anderson, Wood, 2010). The octopus is a unique organism that is able to adapt to any environment it inhabits. The brain enables the octopus to solve problems and the ability to remember its surroundings, the brain works with the octopus’s arms similar to the way the brain works the human limbs. The brain sends neuron signals to the arms and the arms carryout the tasks that are signaled by the brain. The octopus can detect a predator and send out a decoy known as an ink screen that disorients and confuses the predator. This allows the octopus to escape and find a hiding place. The physiological development of the organs in the octopus ensures its survival in its habitat, and makes it an excellent hunter. References Buzzle. com. (n. d. ). Octopus facts for kids. Retrieved from buzzle. com/articles/octopus-facts-for-kids. html. Deb, S. (2010). Octopus brain. Open. Retrieved from openthemagazine. com/article/voices/octopus-brain. Horton, J. (2008). How octopuses work. Discovery. Retrieved from http://animals. howstuffworks. com/marine-life/octopus3. htm#. Mather, J. , Anderson, R. , Wood, J. (2010). Octopus: the oceans intelligent vertebrate. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. Miller, G. (2009). Tackling brain evolution with all eight arms. AAAS. Retrieved from http://blogs. sciencemag. org/origins/2009/10/tackling-brain- evolution-with. html. Octopus. (2008). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved from newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Octopus? oldid=794938. Scigliano, E. (2003). Through the eye of an octopus. DISCOVER. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine. com/2003/oct/feateye.

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of Thе Co-opеrаtÑvе Bаnk The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"on Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"onBÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µsMÐ µthods of GrowthSWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctorEconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctorsSocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctorTÐ µchnology fÐ °ctorLÐ µgÐ °lConclusÃ'â€"onRÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsRelated IntroductÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s Ð ° mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ °t mÐ °kÐ µs lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs (known Ð °s mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t or Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ crÐ µdÃ'â€"t) to thÐ µ dÐ µprÃ'â€"vÐ µd wÃ'â€"thout rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng collÐ °tÐ µrÐ °l. ThÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ, drÐ °wn from thÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng grÐ °m or vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ, mÐ µÃ °ns of thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ. ThÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of thÃ'â€"s BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s foundÐ µd on thÐ µ concÐ µpt thÐ °t thÐ µ poor hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ undÐ µr-utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µd. A group-bÐ °sÐ µd scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °pproÐ °ch Ã'â€"s Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µrÐ µd whÃ'â€"ch utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µs thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr-prÐ µssurÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly to doublÐ µ-chÐ µck thÐ µ b orrowÐ µrs pursuÐ µ through Ð °nd usÐ µ cÐ °utÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng out thÐ µÃ'â€"r fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs wÃ'â€"th fÃ'â€"rm Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm, doublÐ µ-chÐ µckÃ'â€"ng rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð µvÐ µntuÐ °lly Ð °nd Ð °llowÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs to dÐ µvÐ µlop good scroungÃ'â€"ng stÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpts down pÐ °ymÐ µnts, prÐ µsÐ µnts othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs, Ð °nd sprÃ'â€"nts somÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"ncludÃ'â€"ng fÐ °brÃ'â€"c, tÐ µlÐ µphonÐ µ Ð °nd powÐ µr compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs. AnothÐ µr Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ of thÐ µ BÐ °nks scroungÃ'â€"ng progrÐ °m Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ð ° sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt most of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. BÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s bÐ µst rÐ µnownÐ µd for Ã'â€"ts concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of solÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÐ µs Ð ° sÐ µt of Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð µmbodÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh by thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. At Ð µvÐ µry burÐ µÃ °u of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs rÐ µcÃ'â€"tÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd vow to pursuÐ µ thÐ µm. As Ð ° dÐ µductÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd to tÐ °kÐ µ up affÃ'â€"rmÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ communÐ °l hÐ °bÃ'â€"ts. OnÐ µ such mÐ °dÐ µ-to-ordÐ µr Ð °dopts Ð µducÐ °tÃ'â€"ng juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn by dÃ'â€"spÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng thÐ µm to school. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk tÐ °kÐ µn up thÐ µ SÃ' â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Ð °lmost Ð °ll Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r school-Ð °gÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn notÐ µd Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d clÐ °ssÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n turn Ð °ssÃ'â€"sts Ð °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °tÐ µ Ð °bout communÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð µducÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µxt gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on. SolÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s Ð ° groundwork of mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"s now Ð °t work Ã'â€"n ovÐ µr 43 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Although Ð µÃ °ch borrowÐ µr should pÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n to Ð ° fÃ'â€"vÐ µ-mÐ µmbÐ µr Ð °ssÐ µmbly, thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"s not rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °ny promÃ'â€"sÐ µ for Ð ° loÐ °n to Ã'â€"ts mÐ µmbÐ µr. RÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð °ccusÐ µ solÐ µly rÐ µsts on thÐ µ onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ borrowÐ µr, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ð °nd thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µ thÐ °t Ð µvÐ µry onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÐ µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° to Ð °ccusÐ µ wÐ °y Ð °nd no onÐ µ gÐ µts Ã'â€"nto Ð ° rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt problÐ µm. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no pÐ °ttÐ µrn of junctÃ'â€"on lÃ'â€"Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty, Ã'â€".Ð µ. Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ not oblÃ'â€"gÐ µd to pÐ °y comprÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ð ° dÐ µfÐ °ultÃ'â€"ng mÐ µmbÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ã'â€"n prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts oftÐ µn hÐ µlp thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ wÃ'â€"th Ð °n Ð °Ã'â€"m of Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ monÐ µy from thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °t Ð ° subsÐ µquÐ µnt tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. Such dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour Ã'â€"s fÐ °cÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µd by Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs stÐ °ndÐ °rd of not Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÃ'â€"ng Ð °ny morÐ µ dÃ'â€"stÐ °nt scroungÃ'â€"ng to Ð ° Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch Ð ° constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt dÐ µfÐ °ults. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no lÐ °wful gÐ µÃ °r (no Ã'â€"n concÐ µÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng contrÐ °ct) bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs, thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ works foundÐ µd on trust. To supplÐ µmÐ µnt thÐ µ lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ crÐ °vÐ µs thÐ µ scroungÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts to sÐ °vÐ µ vÐ µry lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µs oftÐ µn Ã'â€"n somÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l lÃ'â€"kÐ µ pushÃ'â€"ng locÐ °tÃ'â€"on buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto, Ð °ssÐ µmbly buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð µtc. ThÐ µsÐ µ sÐ °vÃ'â€"ngs hÐ µlp Ð °s Ð ° dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst contÃ'â€"ngÐ µncÃ'â€"Ð µs. In Ð ° homÐ µlÐ °nd Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch twosomÐ µ of womÐ µn mÐ °y tÐ °kÐ µ out borrowÃ'â€"ngs from lÐ °rgÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c BÐ °nks, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd on womÐ µn borrowÐ µrs Ð °s 97% of Ã'â€"ts constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð ° World BÐ °nk study hÐ °s sÐ µttlÐ µd thÐ °t womÐ µns gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð µmpowÐ µrs thÐ µm through bÃ'â€"ggÐ µr gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to Ð °ssÐ µts Ð °nd Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt ovÐ µr dÐ µductÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng, somÐ µ othÐ µr Ð µconomÃ'â€"sts Ð °rguÐ µ thÐ °t thÐ µ supplÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd womÐ µn-Ð µmpowÐ µrmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s lÐ µss strÐ °Ã'â€"ght-forwÐ °rd. In othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs pÐ °thwÐ °y rÐ µcord hÐ °s furthÐ µrmorÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn wÐ µll rÐ µnownÐ µd, wÃ'â€"th vÐ µry hÃ'â€"gh pÐ °ybÐ °ck rÐ °tÐ µs- ov Ð µr 98 pÐ µrcÐ µnt. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ð °s clÐ °Ã'â€"mÐ µd by thÐ µ WÐ °ll StrÐ µÃ µt JournÐ °l, Ð ° fÃ'â€"fth of thÐ µ BÐ °nks borrowÃ'â€"ngs wÐ µrÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ °n Ð ° yÐ µÃ °r ovÐ µrduÐ µ Ã'â€"n 2001. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t morÐ µ thÐ °n hÐ °lf of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh (closÐ µ to 50 mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on) hÐ °vÐ µ mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd out of Ð °cutÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd thÐ °nks to thÐ µÃ'â€"r loÐ °n, Ð °s suggÐ µstÐ µd by such Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð °s hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ll juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn of school Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n school, Ð °ll dwÐ µllÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts consumÃ'â€"ng thrÐ µÃ µ rÐ µpÐ °sts Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° sÐ °nÃ'â€"tÐ °ry lÐ °vÐ °tory, Ð ° rÐ °Ã'â€"nproof housÐ µ, clÐ µÃ °n consumÃ'â€"ng wÐ °tÐ µr Ð °nd thÐ µ profÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy to rÐ µpÐ °y Ð ° 300 tÐ °kÐ °-Ð °-wÐ µÃ µk (Ð °round 4 USD) loÐ °n. MÐ µthods of Growth ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk (lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °lly, BÐ °nk of thÐ µ VÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °) Ã'â€"s thÐ µ outgrowth of Yunus Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °s. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk bÐ µgun Ð °s Ð ° study tÐ °sk by Yunus Ð °nd thÐ µ RurÐ °l EconomÃ'â€"cs ProjÐ µct Ð °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshs UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong to Ð °scÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s mÐ µthod for provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. In 1976, thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ of JobrÐ ° Ð °nd othÐ µr vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs surroundÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °pt for sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ from ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk wÐ °s Ã'â€"mmÐ µnsÐ µly flourÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd thÐ µ tÐ °sk, wÃ'â€"th support from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh BÐ °nk, wÐ °s proposÐ µd Ã'â€"n 1979 to thÐ µ TÐ °ng Ð °Ã'â€"l DÃ'â€"strÃ'â€"ct (to thÐ µ north of thÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l, DhÐ °kÐ °). ThÐ µ BÐ °nks Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt complÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd Ð °nd Ã'â€"t soon dÃ'â€"spÐ µrsÐ µ to vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µd othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. By Ð ° BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshÃ'â€" govÐ µrnmÐ µnt ordÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ on OctobÐ µr 2, 1983, thÐ µ tÐ °sk wÐ °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ µd Ã'â€"nto Ð °n unÐ °lÃ'â€"gnÐ µd BÐ °nk. BÐ °nkÐ µrs from ShorÐ µBÐ °nk, Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk Ã'â€"n ChÃ'â€"cÐ °go, Ð °Ã'â€"dÐ µd Yunus wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ð °uthorÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ BÐ °nk undÐ µr Ð ° Ð °ccrÐ µdÃ'â€"t from thÐ µ Ford FoundÐ °tÃ'â€"on. ThÐ µ BÐ °nks rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt rÐ °tÐ µ wÐ °s hÃ'â€"t followÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ 1998 Ã'â€"nundÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µtrÃ'â€"Ð µvÃ'â€"ng Ð °frÐ µsh Ã'â€"n subsÐ µquÐ µnt yÐ µÃ °rs. By thÐ µ bÐ µgÃ'â€"nnÃ'â€"ng of 2005, thÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °d loÐ °nÐ µd ovÐ µr USD  4.7 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °nd by thÐ µ Ð µnd of 2008, USD  7.6 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on to thÐ µ poor. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk todÐ °y Ð µlÐ °borÐ °tÐ µs to pÐ µrplÐ µxÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr thÐ µ tÐ µrrÃ'â€"tory Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll prÐ µsÐ µnts lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. By 2006, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µd ovÐ µr 2,100. Its Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt hÐ °s Ã'â€"nspÃ'â€"rÐ µd Ð °lÃ'â€"kÐ µ occupÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n 40 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð °nd hÐ °s mÐ °dÐ µ World BÐ °nk to tÐ °kÐ µ Ð °n stÐ °rt to buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ-typÐ µ schÐ µmÐ µs. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk gÐ µts Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts, Ð °nd thÐ µ forÐ µmost supplÃ'â€"Ð µrs hÐ °vÐ µ movÐ µd ovÐ µr tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. In thÐ µ forÐ µmost yÐ µÃ °rs, donor burÐ µÃ °us utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÐ µd to provÃ'â€"dÐ µ thÐ µ bulk of cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l Ð °t vÐ µry cut-rÐ °tÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µs. In thÐ µ mÃ'â€"d-1990s, thÐ µ BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd to gÐ µt most of Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nk of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. MorÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µntly, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd bond sÐ °lÐ µs Ð °s Ð ° sourcÐ µ of fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ. ThÐ µ bonds Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"tly subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"sÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ guÐ °rÐ °ntÐ µÃ µd by thÐ µ GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ swÐ °ppÐ µd ovÐ µrhÐ µÃ °d thÐ µ BÐ °nk rÐ °tÐ µ. SWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk StrÐ µngths SÐ µcurÐ µ Ð °nd bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng for customÐ µrs QuÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ FocusÐ µd dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on strÐ °tÐ µgy Low cost structurÐ µ duÐ µ to no onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ Ã'â€"ncÃ'â€"dÐ µnt of brÐ °nchÐ µs KnowlÐ µdgÐ µÃ °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ workÐ µrs mÐ µmbÐ µrs TÐ µchnology sÐ °vvy Ð °nd convÐ µnÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ mÃ'â€"ndÐ µd clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ tÐ °rgÐ µt SÐ µrvÃ'â€"ng customÐ µrs compÐ µtÐ µntly, quÃ'â€"ckly Ð °nd Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µntly PÐ °rtnÐ µrshÃ'â€"p for brokÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ Ð °ccounts WÐ µb Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l closÐ µ sÐ µcurÃ'â€"ty HÃ'â€"gh Ð °ssÐ µt growth HÃ'â€"gh dÐ µposÃ'â€"t growth All mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd strÐ °tÐ µgy EffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µnt cost structurÐ µ 24 hours Ð °nd 7 dÐ °ys cÐ °ll cÐ µntÐ µrs MorÐ µ bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ð °ccount WÐ µÃ °knÐ µss No Ð µmblÐ µm rÐ µcognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Only 2 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs shÐ °rÐ µ of onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt HÃ'â€"t Ð °nd run customÐ µrs for unquÐ µstÃ'â€"onÐ °blÐ µ products CÐ °nt provÃ'â€"dÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ fÐ °cÐ µ to fÐ °cÐ µ contÐ °ct HÐ °rd to gÐ °Ã'â€"n clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l for pÐ µrcÐ µptÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs CÐ °nt hÐ °vÐ µ ATM Ð °nd brÐ °nchÐ µs HÃ'â€"gh bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng Ð µxpÐ µnsÐ µs OnÐ µ burÐ µÃ °u for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t collÐ µctÃ'â€"on FÐ µw sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ not Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ Old Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls dont Ð °ccÐ µpt such know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs DÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ twosomÐ µ of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs by cÐ °ll hubs or Ð µmÐ °Ã'â€"l MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð ° down Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ monÐ µy Ð °nd for othÐ µr twosomÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t fÐ °lls Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd for cÐ °sh wÃ'â€"thdrÐ °wÐ °l OpportunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs VÐ µry lÐ °rgÐ µ fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly growÃ'â€"ng mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ã'â€"ndustry MorÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls rÐ µdÃ'â€"rÐ µctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ng of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nk MÐ °ny fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs cÐ °n bÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ not suggÐ µstÃ'â€"ng now MÐ µrgÐ µrs Ð °nd Ð °cquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nks to Ð °ugmÐ µnt rÐ °pÃ'â€"dly DÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð µconomÃ'â€"c dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt IntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ Ð °nd by dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct worldwÃ'â€"dÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnts unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to functÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny countrÃ'â€"Ð µs ThrÐ µÃ °ts BÃ'â€"ggÐ µst hÐ °zÐ °rds from customÐ °ry BÐ °nks whÃ'â€"ch Ð °rÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng such sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °t Ð µquÐ °l cost ThrÐ µÃ °ts from othÐ µr Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µrs whÃ'â€"ch cÐ °n Ð °hÐ µÃ °d Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µ SÐ µcurÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd frÐ °ud undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µt down Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls from utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ConsolÃ'â€"dÐ °tÃ'â€"ons of compÐ µtÃ'â€"tors cÐ °n mÐ °kÐ µ lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ contÐ µntÃ'â€"on for thÐ µ compÐ °ny GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt controllÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ by guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ scÐ µnÐ °rÃ'â€"o Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons suddÐ µnly FÐ µw pÐ °rts cÐ °nt bÐ µ proposÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs, whÃ'â€"ch do not support clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst for utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng PESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctor ThÃ'â€"s constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °ccÐ µpts Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l on thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ of Ð °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l or govÐ µrnmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t could swÐ °y on Ð °ny busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. If Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ functÃ'â€"onÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n onÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd thÐ µn thÐ µ proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors nÐ µÃ µd to gÐ °zÐ µ Ð °t Ð µÃ °ch homÐ µlÐ °nd lÐ °ws. Also, Ã'â€"t Ð °dopts chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs on mÐ °tÐ µrnÃ'â€"ty prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs, mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ð µcologÃ'â€"cÐ °l polÃ'â€"cy; thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° strong Ð µffÐ µct on pÐ °Ã'â€"d work plÐ °cÐ µ, dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls Ð °nd fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to, mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ procÐ µssÐ µs. MÐ °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ' â€"ons duÐ µ to thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts or Ã'â€"n communÐ °l Ð °nd hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ morÐ µs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, lÐ µvy rÐ °tÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry rÐ µsolutÐ µ by polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs, lÐ µvy dÐ µductÃ'â€"ons furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð µncompÐ °ss fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l rÐ µflÐ µctÃ'â€"on on whÐ °t Ã'â€"s thÐ µ stÐ °tÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µconomy. MorÐ µovÐ µr, PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ °t swÐ °ys thÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µs Ð °s onÐ µ of thÐ µ most stÐ µÃ °dy nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ world, not lÃ'â€"kÐ µ othÐ µr countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh to stÐ °rt Ð ° nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ you hÐ °vÐ µ to follow thÐ µ mÐ °jor hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs of swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on trà  °dÐ µrs should Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fy thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to sÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, Ð °pt for thÐ µ customÐ µrs Ð °nd not Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ country. PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt covÐ µr two Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °t swÐ °y thÐ µ Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty of Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µssÐ µs: SomÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons lÐ µt down thÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° forÐ µÃ'â€"gn Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r homÐ µlÐ °nd duÐ µ to thÐ µ drÐ µÃ °dÐ µd of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ffrÐ °ys of thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. RulÐ µs Ð °nd stÐ °ndÐ °rds Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons to bÐ °ttlÐ µ bÐ °ck thÐ µ prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs of Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd for customÐ µrs. EconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctors An fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd long-tÐ µrm forÐ µcÐ °sts. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts covÐ µr four Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: IncomÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd hÐ °rshly sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ thÐ µ oÃ'â€"l dÃ'â€"scovÐ µrÐ µd. ThÐ µ Ð °uthÐ µntÃ'â€"c GDP (Gross DomÐ µstÃ'â€"c Product) dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n 2000 wÐ °s 4 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ð °nd Ã'â€"t wÐ °s $ 54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on. So Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n Ã'â€"s good Ð °nd hÐ °s good Ð µxpÐ µctÐ °ncy, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs lÐ µvÐ µl. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ sÐ µcond lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Gulf CoopÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on CouncÃ'â€"l Ð °nd hÐ °s bÐ µttÐ µr plÐ °cÐ µ thosÐ µ othÐ µr nÐ µÃ'â€"ghborÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Growth rÐ °tÐ µs swÐ °y on AgrÃ'â€"culturÐ µ, Industry Ð °nd MÐ °nufÐ °cturÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. Most mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs Ð °gony wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on sourcÐ µ by Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °pproxÃ'â€"mÐ °tÃ'â€"ng dÐ µmÐ °nd Ð °ccurÐ °tÐ µly. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs wÃ'â€"ll not goÃ'â€"ng to fÐ °cÐ µ thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd thÐ °t mÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr mÐ °rkÐ µts. In 2000 thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on rÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ °s Ð °bout 4.5% (pÐ µst Ð °nÐ °lysÃ'â€"s) thÐ °t Ã'â€"s good vocÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ for mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs to mÐ °rkÐ µt Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s mÐ °rkÐ µt. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs cÐ µntrÐ °l thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nnuÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð µvÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to swÐ °mp Ð °ny proposÐ °ls of Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, DubÐ °Ã'â€" ShoppÃ'â€"ng FÐ µstÃ'â€"vÐ °l Ð °nd DubÐ °Ã'â€" SummÐ µr SurprÃ'†"sÐ µs. LÐ °st 72 yÐ µÃ °rs bÐ µforÐ µ oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt offÐ µrÐ µd forÐ µmost dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ nowÐ °dÐ °ys thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ on to boost homÐ µlÐ °nd Ð µconomy. In nÐ µxt grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n rÐ µcognÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µd sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ 1927 – 2001, Ð °nd Ð °bout thÐ µ nÐ µw constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µfurbÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt Ð °nd swÐ °y on BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ð µconomy. ThÐ µ grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ hÐ °rshly boost Ã'â€"n utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng or countÃ'â€"ng on oÃ'â€"l to Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µconomy. If wÐ µ wÐ µnt through thÐ µ buyÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll obsÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh contÐ µmplÐ °tÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ country’s cÐ °pÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty, whÃ'â€"ch round $54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by nÐ µwÐ µst study. PurchÐ °sÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by four dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ sÐ °lÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, cost quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on. DuÐ µ to rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, don’t Ð µncompÐ °ss Ã'â€"n thÐ µ bÐ µnchmÐ °rk Ð °ny Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs tÐ °xÐ µs. But forÐ µÃ'â€"gn BÐ °nks gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng 20% lÐ µvy on thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd forÐ µÃ'â€"gn oÃ'â€"l Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs pÐ °y rÐ °tÐ µ lÐ µvy on Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µvy on thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µs h. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctor EvÐ µry shÐ °rÐ µholdÐ µr, mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs, proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors of nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ who crÐ °vÐ µ to stÐ °rt hÃ'â€"s onÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ hÐ °s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °bout thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd humÐ °nÃ'â€"ty lÃ'â€"fÐ µ stylÐ µ. BÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by thÃ'â€"s fÐ °ctor. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l splÃ'â€"t up up Ã'â€"n to two forÐ µmost Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: ThÐ µsÐ µ topÃ'â€"c Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons on communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ country. ThÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts Ð °rÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty plÐ °y dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n buyÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÐ °rts Ð °nd Ð °ffÃ'â€"rmÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"f thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s runnÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs by thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh profÃ'â€"ts. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÐ µmogrÐ °phÃ'â€"c fÐ °cÐ µt dÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"dÐ µs up Ã'â€"n to fÃ'â€"vÐ µ: Both of thosÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °ffÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd to thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on Ð µxpÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs of purchÐ °sÐ µrs of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt to Ã'â€"mprovÐ µmÐ µnt up. Also, communÃ'â€"ty prÐ µsÐ µnts Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of thÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls Ð °nd thÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss of buyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ã'â€"n both Ð µxpÐ °nsÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °nd cut-rÐ °tÐ µ prÃ'â€"zÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"n 1995. From thÐ µ grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n fÃ'â€"nd thÐ °t south AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns tÐ °kÐ µs hÐ °lf of thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd communÃ'â€"ty by 1,300,000. MorÐ µovÐ µr, nÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ls Ð °rÐ µ quÐ °rtÐ µrSouth AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, thÐ µ numbÐ µr of wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °bout 50,000 wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs. ThÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt thÃ'â€"ng for Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how fÐ °r Ã'â€"s thÐ µ customÐ µrs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t Ð °rÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs or sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ supplyÃ'â€"ng for thÐ µm Ð °nd Ã'â€"f thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °spÃ'â€"rÐ µs from mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng monÐ µy. In thÐ µ stÐ °rtÃ'â€"ng of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly vÃ'â€"tÐ °l to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °gÐ µs of thÐ µ customÐ µrs you Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t, for thÃ'â€"s topÃ'â€"c thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how much thosÐ µ pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ consumÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh on buyÃ'â€"ng stuffs. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, consumÃ'â€"ng much cÐ °sh on lÐ µÃ'â€"surÐ µ by tÐ µÃ µnÐ °gÐ µrs. ChÐ °ngÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fÐ µ mÐ µthod pÐ °ttÐ µrn tÃ'â€"mÐ µ to tÃ'â€"mÐ µs hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °n Ð µffÐ µct on thÐ µ sÐ °lÐ µs of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µts. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, numÐ µrous womÐ µn Ð °rÐ µ commÃ'â€"ttÐ µd Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÃ'â€"ng on kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ °t suÃ'â€"tÐ µ wÃ'â€"th topÃ'â€"c so thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll boost thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs of thÐ µ products. ThÐ µ dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour fÐ °cÐ µt Ã'â€"s Ð µncompÐ °ssÃ'â€"ng Ð µvÐ µrythÃ'â€"ng thÐ °t could Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs up. LÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"s onÐ µ topÃ'â€"c thÐ °t rÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks to usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r products. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µductÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n rudÃ'â€"mÐ µntÐ °ry dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ð °bout 15% of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s communÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"s forÐ µÃ'â€"gnÐ µrs Ð °nd somÐ µ of thÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn South AsÃ'â€"Ð ° thÐ °t sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fy Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks hÐ °vÐ µ to usÐ µ EnglÃ'â€"sh for thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ convÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ world pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly Ã'â€"n BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ BÐ °nks supplyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs follow by IslÐ °mÃ'â€"c polÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µs. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of communÃ'â€"ty numÐ µrous pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng nÐ µw Ð °ccount, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh for thÐ µ BÐ °nk. TÐ µchnology fÐ °ctor TÐ µchnology lÃ'â€"kÐ µs Ð ° hÐ µÃ °rt of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µtÃ'â€"ng. It doÐ µs most of mÐ µchÐ °nÃ'â€"cÐ °l job for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs cÃ'â€"rculÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ mÐ µthods Ð °nd nÐ µtworkÐ µd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° pÃ'â€"onÐ µÃ µr sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng tÐ µchnology. It supply Ð °ll up-dÐ °tÐ µ-tÐ µchnologÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °mÐ µnÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs for Ð °ll kÃ'â€"nd of buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð °nd ThÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ know-how Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µssÃ'â€"blÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µt onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss supply BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd PDA BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt TÐ µchnology tÐ °kÐ µ pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n ovÐ µn bÐ °kÃ'â€"ng pÐ °rt Ð °ll through lÐ °st 15 yÐ µÃ °rs, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, ATM MÐ °chÃ'â€"nÐ µs, TÐ µlÐ µphon Ð µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ComputÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng IntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng EBI GÐ °tÐ µwÐ °y. WÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s know-how numÐ µrous trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ vÐ µry Ð µÃ °sy Ð °nd sÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r tÃ'â€"mÐ µs Ð °nd comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ workÐ µrs Ð °wÐ °y from wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÃ'â€"fÐ µstylÐ µ. LÐ µgÐ °l ThÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° kÃ'â€"nd of guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs. SomÐ µ Ð °ffrÐ °y guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s wholÐ µsomÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ growth. And somÐ µ of thÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °ssÐ °ult bÐ °ck thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"onwÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ã'â€"ndustrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In JunÐ µ 2009, U.S Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µs BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"th lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs (RobÐ µrt WÃ'â€"nnÐ µtt, 2009). If Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd by thÐ µ BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n, thÐ µ BA (BrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"sh BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng) wÃ'â€"ll pÐ °y morÐ µ lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °n bÐ µforÐ µ. It Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly Ð ° Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng nÐ µws. In 2009, BAA, thÐ µ Ð °Ã µrodromÐ µs opÐ µrÐ °tor, hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ftÐ µr thÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µr rÐ µfutÐ µd to pÐ °y hÃ'â€"ghÐ µr sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down fÐ µÃ µs. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ sÐ °Ã'â€"d Ã'â€"n AprÃ'â€"l thÐ °t Ã'â€"t would not Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð ° 7 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ã'â€"n sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °t StÐ °nstÐ µd. ThÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t StÐ °nstÐ µd Ð µnforcÐ µs on Ð µÃ °ch of Ã'â€"ts tourÃ'â€"sts hÐ °vÐ µ boost two-fold to  £10 Ã'â€"n thÐ µ pÐ °st two yÐ µÃ °rs. (RobÐ µrtson, ThÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µs, AuguÐ µt6,2009) ConclusÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °s lÐ °ndÐ µd poor Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° pÐ µrpÐ µtuÐ °l dÐ µbt-trÐ °p, Ð °nd thÐ °t Ã'â€"ts suprÐ µmÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"t Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µmÐ µnt to thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs thÐ °t dÐ µÃ °l cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l componÐ µnts Ð °nd Ã'â€"nfrÐ °structurÐ µ to thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs. It hÐ °s cÐ °ptÃ'â€"vÐ °tÐ µd dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l from thÐ µ prÐ µcÐ µdÃ'â€"ng PrÃ'â€"mÐ µ MÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, ShÐ µÃ'â€"kh HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ °, who commÐ µntÐ µd, ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nctÃ'â€"on bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn usurÐ µrs [Yunus] Ð °nd corrupt pÐ µoplÐ µ. HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ ° fÐ µÃ µls upon onÐ µ dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk: thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh rÐ °tÐ µ of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ã'â€"t Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons from thosÐ µ sÐ µÃ µkÃ'â€"ng crÐ µdÃ'â€"t. SÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r to Ð °ll mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"sÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, thÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µd by ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh mÃ'â€"smÐ °tchÐ µd to thÐ °t of customÐ °ry BÐ °nks, Ð °s Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst (rÐ µducÃ'â€"ng bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µ bÐ °sÃ'â€"s) on Ã'â€"ts forÐ µmost scroungÃ'â€"ng mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °bout 20%. ThÐ µ MÃ'â€"sÐ µs InstÃ'â€"tutÐ µs JÐ µffrÐ µy TuckÐ µr hÐ °s Ð °dmonÃ'â€"shÐ µd thÐ µ BÐ °nk, Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t Ð °nd othÐ µr onÐ µs foundÐ µd on thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn Ð °rÐ µ not Ð µconomÃ'â€"cÐ °lly vÃ'â€"Ð °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ o n portÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to functÃ'â€"on, thus crucÃ'â€"Ð °lly dÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng Ð °nothÐ µr dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on of wÐ µlfÐ °rÐ µ. ThÐ µy dÃ'â€"srÐ µgÐ °rd Yunus clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t hÐ µ Ã'â€"s plÐ µdgÐ µd Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng borrowÐ µrs thÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. AnothÐ µr sourcÐ µ of dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l Ã'â€"s thÐ °t of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. CrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cs stÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ BÐ °nks SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons forcÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd borrowÐ µrs to Ð °bÃ'â€"dÐ µ by thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs sÐ µt Ð °hÐ µÃ °d by thÐ µ BÐ °nk. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µy do not mÐ °kÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r why thÐ µ prÐ µmÃ'â€"Ð µr Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs (unÃ'â€"ty, brÐ °vÐ µry, Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm Ð °nd hÐ °rd work) Ð °nd somÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs sÐ µt up by thÐ µ BÐ °nk, lÃ'â€"kÐ µ housÐ µ Ã'â€"n hÐ µÃ °lthy housÐ µs Ã'â€"n good rÐ µctÃ'â€"fy, not consumÃ'â€"ng unsÐ °fÐ µ wÐ °tÐ µr or fÐ °llÃ'â€"ng to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ dowrÃ'â€"Ð µs for dÐ °ughtÐ µrs, cÐ °n bÐ µ Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng for borrowÐ µrs. ThÐ µy mostly objÐ µct to thÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° borrowÐ µr Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on to covÐ µr dÐ µfÐ °ults, whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy dÃ'â€"squÐ °lÃ'â€"fy Ð °s Ð ° totÐ °lÃ'â€"tÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð °n Ð °ppÐ °rÐ °tus, othÐ µr thÐ °n of Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty buÃ'â€"ldÃ'â€"ng strÐ °tÐ µgy. DÐ °vÃ'â€"d RoodmÐ °n Ð °nd JonÐ °thÐ °n Morduch contrÐ °dÃ'â€"ctÐ µd wÃ'â€"th Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c onÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ oftÐ µn cÃ'â€"tÐ µd by Yunus, thÐ °t â€Å"5% of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs gÐ µt out of nÐ µÃ µd Ð µvÐ µry yÐ µÃ °r.† RÐ µÃ °nÐ °lyzÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ undÐ µrlyÃ'â€"ng study, thÐ µy got convÐ µrsÐ µ rÐ µsults. But thÐ µy dÃ'â€"d not rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ to proposÐ µ thÐ °t lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng to womÐ µn mÐ °dÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs poorÐ µr. RÐ °thÐ µr, thÐ µ Ð °t odds cÐ °usÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ °y Ð °ccÐ µlÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ othÐ µr wÐ °y: womÐ µn Ã'â€"n morÐ µ Ð °ffluÐ µnt fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs mÐ °y scroungÐ µ lÐ µss. RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs Bornstein, David. The Price of a Dream: The Story of The Co-operative Bank.OxfordUniversityPress, NY: 2005, ISBN 0-19-518749-0 Cockburn, Alexander, A Nobel Peace Prize for Neoliberalism? Counts, Alex, Give Us Credit , Crown, 1996, ISBN 0-8129-2464-9 Micro Loans for the Very Poor,New YorkTimes, February 16, 1997 Sachs, Jeffrey. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, NY: 2005, ISBN 0-14-303658-0 Yunus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Founder of The Co-operative Bank,OxfordUniversityPress:USA, ISBN 0-19-579537-7 Across the Board (2006), Is US business obsessed with ethics? Across the Board, (Nov/Dec), 31-34. Armstrong, Robert W., Stening, Bruce, W., Ryans, John, K., Marks, Larry, and Mayo, Michael (2007), International marketing ethics: problems encountered by Australian firms, Asia Pacific Journal of International Marketing, 2(2), 5-18. Armstrong, Robert W. and Sweeney, Jill (2007), Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics problems: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 775-785. Ball, Donald .. A. and McCulloch, Wendell. H. (2006), International Business.Chicago: Irwin. Donaldson, Thomas (2006), Values in tension: ethics away from home, Harvard Business Review, (September-October), 48-62. Donaldson, Thomas (2004), The Ethics of International Business.New York,OxfordUniversityPress. Graham, J.c. (2004), The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: a new perspective, Journal ofInternational Business Studies, (Winter), 107-121. Hard graft inAsia (2007), The Economist, (27 May), 61 Hofstede, Geert (2005), Cultures and Organisations Software of the Mind.London: Harper Collins. Hoang, Peter. B. (2007), Globalization vs. customization in international marketing; an attempted integration of current literature, Journal of International Marketing and Exporting, 2(1), 25-34. Kaltnhauser, Skip, (2006), When bribery is a budget item, Worldbusiness, 2(2), 11. Keegan, Warren J. (2004), Global Marketing Management,EnglewoodCliffs: Prentice- Hall, Keegan, Warren J. and Green, Mark C. (2007), Principles of Global Marketing, Upper Saddle River,New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kraar, Louis (2007), How corrupt isAsia? Fortune. Mayo, Michael (2006), Ethical problems in international marketing, International Marketing Review, 8(3), 61-76. Onkvist, Sak and Shaw, John 1. (2007), International Marketing Analysis and Strategy,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Perry,Chad(2006), Strategic Management Processes, Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Phillips, Chris, Doole, Isobel and Lowe, Robin (2007), International Marketing Strategy,London: Routledge. Ramsay, John (2007), Corporate hospitality: marketing of a monster? Management Decision, 28(4), 20-23. Tanzi, Vito (2007), Corruption, governmental activities and markets, Finance and Development, p. 25. Tullock, Gordon (2006), Corruption theory and practice, Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3),6-13. Way, Nicholas (2006), Looking for signs along the righteous path, Business Review Weekly, (23 December), 18-21. Wood, Graham (2007), Ethics at the purchasing/sales interface: an international perspective, International Marketing Review, 12(4),7-19.

Mircobiology research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mircobiology research assignment - Essay Example Logging, whether legal or illegal, causes much deforestation. It has the capability of displacing certain microorganisms in a particular habitat. There is mutual existence in the forest between microorganisms and other species but this relationship has been altered due to deforestation creating some occurrences of new infective diseases and the re-emergence of the old pathogens with greater resistance and impunity. Some of man's activities contribute in decimating forests. Aside from logging, man clears land for agricultural food and non-food crops. Other factors that complement rapid deforestation include fuelwood gathering, charcoal making, mining, clearing of large tracts of forest ground for human habitation, and clearing of forest floor for water storage and dams facilities. With such activities, man has also created some man-made sites, holes, patches with stagnant water favoring some insect vectors. Such forest disturbance could benefit more the insect vectors. In Tanzania, for instance, malaria carrier Anopheles gambiaae found a nice breeding ground in shallow patches, pits, sewers, and holes resulting from deforestation. In 1960 in the Amazonian Brazil, malaria was declared as under control. After two decades, the disease however, re-appeared in greater proportion. Health authorities cited some factors that contributed to the new outbreak: human habitation into the rainforest, which provided the insects with new non-immune hosts, and the resulting man-made breeding sites with standing water. The same incident was observed along the TransAmazon Highway where more people contracted malaria due to increasing immigration and forest settlement. 3 Before deforestation, forest floor are naturally littered with organic layers (leaves, branches, and the like). This makes it quite acidic. Upon clearing or deforesting, the same piece of forest floor, now with man-made pools, is penetrated by sunlight making it warmer and at the same time rendering it neutral in pH. This condition greatly favors certain mosquito larvae to develop and multiply in enormous number. To have malaria, three conditions must be met: the presence of human hosts; the sufficient number of malaria transmitting anopheline mosquitoes; and, the favorable conditions such as temperature and humidity, for the complete development of the parasite in the infected mosquitoes. Some apparently healthy blood transfusion donors may also transmit the disease if parasites are not fully eradicated in him. So far, four species of malarial parasites are recognized as pathogenic to man: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. They produce different clinical fever symptoms. Malaria has an interesting story. The early Romans thought that the disease was caused by foul air rising from the marshes. And so they drained the marshes to reduce the breeding places of mosquitoes. In so doing, unintentionally, they also reduced the occurrence of malarial infestation.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Personal statement - Essay Example Without it the resources of production remain resources and never become production† (p.147). This proves that management is a crucial activity for the welfare of a business. This is probably one of the reasons why I have chosen business management as the subject in university. I also believe that business management is a vast topic and is applicable to every sphere of business. I have always found business management to be an interesting subject for its scope and range. In the early days of my academic career, I never thought of making business management as a profession, but as soon I become aware of the concept I did not give a second thought and decided to pursue a career in this domain. The interest further grew when I started to oversee our family business which was initiated by my father long back. I have personally experienced the role played by business management in driving our firm towards success. The incident happened 3 years back when our family business was not doing well and for consecutive 3 months, we suffered hefty monetary losses. At this point of time my father stepped in as a manager, despite being the owner. I have seen him to appl y all the concepts of management such as planning, controlling, motivating and administering in the business to identify and rectify the root causes. As a result of the application of the management concepts, our business again became organized and started to earn profits. This episode has really fostered me to believe in business management as a profession in the future. The high school learning has helped me to identify the advantages and disadvantages of this subject, yet I always felt that I need to learn more about the subject. This eagerness to learn the subject still drives me and is one of the major factors that encouraged me to apply business and management course in the university. I believe that my work experience as an

Armani Hotel (Dubai) - Managing Customer Service Essay

Armani Hotel (Dubai) - Managing Customer Service - Essay Example The world of 21st century is an arena that promotes fast growth, tremendous development and high competition. The high level of internet connectivity in various corners of the world, along with the existence of the open economies has provided the platform for demand of products and services of international standards. The luxury sector, especially the hospitality sector always demands international standards and qualities of services mostly because of its need to maintain a homogenous quality and standard of high level of customer service at all of its location of presence. It is important to say that in the steady cycle of economic peaks and troughs that has continued to affect the business prospects of various countries in the recent times; the luxury hospitality sector has always maintained a steady level of growth all the time. The reason behind it can be attached to the fact that the luxury sector always experiences an inelastic demand mostly because of its significant choosing of its target audience, which are mostly comprised of the elite and extremely rich people. Brief on Service Marketing Services can be defined as a concept which represents intangible actions and attributes that are performed by individuals or a team of individuals for the purpose of providing superior level of value perception to the consumers in regards to their individual requirements of value of tangible or intangible nature (Rao, 2011, p. 5). Talking a little more about services, it can be said that because of its characteristics, services are a little different from the products. In case of services, the characteristics like the intangibility, homogeneity, inseparability and perishability exists. (Shanker, 2002, p. 36). While talking about marketing of services, it is important to mention that it surely includes the marketing features associated with the highly popular 4P’s concept. For the purpose of attaining success in a highly competitive environment, the value of services needs to be created, communicated, distributed and captured for the right target audience. However, it is very important to mention that there are three other variables that help in the process of providing value to the customers. The factors of people, process and physical evidence has to be mentioned without ignorance (Bhattacharya, 2006, p. 117). The existence of the three new variables is very important as it helps in a great way in the process of communication of value of the services to the consumers (Zeithaml & et.al, 2011, p. 21). It can be said that for the purpose of providing high level of services to generate superior customer satisfaction and hence increase profitability of the serv ices, analysing of the services in regards to its ability to meet customers’ expectations is very important on a regular basis. For developing a successful analysis of the services, the GAP model can be used (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 354). It is important to mention in these regards that the GAP model of service quality tries to analyze the service offerings of any enterprise from the perspectives of both the customer as well as the service provider. Source: Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 354 Overview of customer relationship marketing (CRM) It has to be said that in the case of customer relationship marketing, it belongs to the division of marketing of services. In the context of marketing of products as well as services, it has often been realized that retaining of customers helps in increasing the profitability of the organization at a comparatively lower costs, rather than aggressive acquisition of new customers on a regular basis

Elderly Care in Residential Home Case Study

Elderly Care in Residential Home Case Study Unit Standard 7979 Task1 Placement Diary Outline the information and issues relevant to the decisions about the alternative placement for this individual. Client A he is very strict with his schedule, such as having must having lunch at 12pm and must go to toilet after lunch. If there any unexpected things happen which affect his schedule, his will scream for what he wants. For this case, client A made his own decision to follow everything under his schedule, but sometime we have to change it because things happen. Then I have to follow the instruction from his care plan to answer his challenging behavior. What other information did you need to obtain? For provide alternative care to client A. I also have to know what he will behaviour and how to make him stop when trigger his challenge behaviour. Facilitation of decision making Outline how decision making was facilitated in accordance with the service provider’s standards. The staff writes down his entire schedule on his resident profile, to avoid trigger his challenging behaviour. Such as, he goes to church every Sunday, shopping at Pak’n Save every Wednesday, and goes to west wave pools for water walking, spa and sauna. And also write how to deal with his challenging behaviour, or how to give him comfort when he feels upset. To ensure he has a proper service with his decision making. Other Notes (reflect on the decision making process) The service will make sure he get ready to perform his schedule a day before, like prepare his swimming wears or make sure there is enough money for shopping. If there is something happen which cause to change his schedule, the staff have to raise the voice to let him focus and understand what staff saying. Task2 Placement Diary Outline any further or additional information or issues relate to the alternative placement for this individual The staff needs to add additional information in the resident profile when client change their behaviour or there is new hehaviour show up. There is one day client A get sick in the morning, and after seen his GP, the GP suggest him go home early to take a rest. I and another staff bring him into the van try to let him go home early. After he realizes his going home early he start scream and hit his head and hit the van. In this situation, normally he just screams but not hitting things. So after this, we add he may hit thing or his head when he feels sick and there is changing schedule. How did you plan the placement in line with the decisions of the parties involved and any other key people? I’ll try to as far as possible to complete his schedule, and prepare solution for change of schedule. Sometime when he is scream and not listening what the staff saying, may contact his mother to let him talk with his mother by phone, then he will calm down and start to listen. How did you plan the placement in line with ethical practice? I will always write down into detail when he having a challenging behaviour to let other staff know and avoid trigger it again. Also treat my client equally with respect and understand, give enough patience and always ask client’s permission and let them make their own decision. Make sure my client is receiving the right service. How did you make sure that everything you did was focused on the current and future safety of the person who needed the alternative care placement? I will always read through client’s profile to make sure I know the basic situation of my client before making any plan for my client. Then according client’s ability and will make a plan for client, and explain to my client clearly. During the plan making I have to consider all the safety needs, such as client’s mobility, number of staff will participate and solution of emergency situation. Facilitation of Planning Outline how planning was facilitated in accordance with the service provider’s standards. Give examples Planning can reduce the change of trigger his challenging behavior. For example, client will feel satisfy when everything follow his schedule, and there is enough preparation for his outing and activities. Even there is some accident change of his schedule which makes him feel anxiety, the planning can provide solution for provide him comfort and how to make him calm down. Other Notes (reflect on the planning process) Social worker need to consider the safety and wellbeing during planning process. In this case this client need to have a 24 hours care service and personal development with his life span. Task3 Placement Diary How did you encourage self-determination of the person who is the subject of the alternative care placement? Self-determination means the client can make his own decision without any assistant. To encourage self-determination of client, the social worker has to find the way to provide confident to client. Such as, to let client doing task he familiar with or give him compliment if he did something by himself. Also the social can let client have more contact with other people, like buy thing independent or joint a community event (e.g. color run, festival) How did you discourage dependency on you as the social worker and the social service provider? I like to give my client a simply brief of how to complete the task, and watch him doing it. If he is struggle with it, I’ll just give him with a small tip for that. That makes my client have chance to achieve his capacity but not just let social worker do everything for him. Also during the process of the task, social worker need to always be patients and good at finding the goodness of client. How did you assist key people in the implementation of the plan to identify progress? The compliment from his mother may bring he with a lot of confident and motivation of doing things independently. How did you assist parties to the plan to review the plan? What if any further options were identified? If the plan was amended, how was it amended? Plan to have a family consultation with client. According to the client’s disability and his emotion, social workers need more care and attention, to assist in this client. Implementation of the alternative care placement plan Outline how the implementation was in accordance with the service provider’s standards The implementation process must under the policies of service provider’s standard, also may involving client’s family in to this process. During the process of implementation the social worker must make sure the client are stays in a good condition both his mental and physical states. Other Notes (reflect on the implementation process) The social workers have to always ask how client feel, and respect his willing and decision all the time. Task 4 Placement Diary How did you know had completed your required tasks or involvement in the plan? Social may have a family meeting with client and his mother to get how is the result of the plan, did the client become more confident in his daily life or did the client can make decision independently. What possible future involvement might be required from the social service provider in this case? Think about factors that may lead to further contact being needed, what functions or services a social worker or social service provider might offer the person in the future, and how the person could go about re-establishing contact with the social service provider Client may seek for assist with his living security, for example the social may seek for him with more care hours from MOH to assist him with the daily living. The social worker may look for a life company for him or assists he to get a job. For the re-establishing contact with the social service provider, the client may ask assistant from MOH or just request help from the social service provider. Closure of involvement in the alternative care placement plan Outline how the closure was in accordance with the service provider’s standards The social worker have to ensure the client are satisfy with the service, and make sure all the client’s information are fully record and place in a secure place for reference. Outline how you made sure information was kept confidential Not talk client’s privacy to any other people, and make sure all the decision making and family meeting are progress in a privacy place. For the client’s profile and information must keep in a secure place under the service provider’s policies and protocols. Always follow the code of right to perform a professional social worker ethics. Provide two examples of how your actions were in accordance with relevant legislation. Name the legislation in the examples Human Right Act: Created to ensure that customer information is to keep maintain customer confidentiality and privacy protection Privacy Act: Created to ensure that customer information is to keep maintain customer confidentiality and privacy protection. Other Notes (reflect on the closure process) During the process of the case, all the new update must record truthfully into the service plan for other parties to view. Always ensure client are in a good mental and physical condition while receive the service from social worker, and make sure the safety and wellbeing of client. Task5 Implementation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi Te Tiriti o Waitangi includes 4 main principles, which are partnership, protection, participation and permission. Those four principles are given me guide during I provide service to client A as follow listed. Partnership: as a social worker I build a good and equal relationship with client A with trust and understand, while we progress the task or creating plan we always works together and share suggestion. Protection: during the process of this case, I do keep in mind to protect client A’s personal information and privacy. Strict follow the code of right to provide protection to client A. Participation: I always invite Client A and his mother into the plan making and building relationship, by sharing feeling and suggestion. It makes us make fewer mistakes and saving more time. Permission: when I have any idea or add any information with this case, I always let my client know and get his permission. Task6 Application of social service theory According to the client’s situation, I do apply the Models of practice, including Iwi and Maori Models of practice theme into his alternative care. The Te Whare Tape Wha which including the Tinana(physical health), Wairua(spiritual health), Whanau(family health) and Hinengaro(mental health). When I provide care to client A I always look after these four health in to his care and reach his needs. Tinana: as a social worker I have look after the environment which I provide service. Before I provide any service to Client A I always check is any potential harm or risk, and exclude it. That makes me and my client both are stay in a safety environment without task a risk with accident. Wairua: as a social worker I have to know the client’s spiritual needs before provide any service, because the belief of client may take a very important part into the service. To fully respect and understand client’s belief may give client the exactly right encourage and confident. Also in many time the belief of client may give a unimagined strength to complete the task which hark for him. Whanau: family is a very important chain in the service process. Always involve the family into the care may let client feel more relax and easy to working in role. On the other, the support come from family normally are the biggest help and assistance with service perform. Hinengaro: I would like to make sure my clients have a good mental condition during I provide service to him to avoid his not feel satisfy. Also that ensure my care are effective to my client. Sometime, my client may feel upset. Then I have to give him with encourage and bring him with confident.

Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales Es

Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucer's greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses "a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories" (Norton 79). In "The General Prologue" of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts like a reporter to provide a detailed description of the pilgrims. Through his description, the reader is able to paint a picture of each of the characters. In "The General Prologue," he describes each character by giving a detailed description of the character's appearance, clothing, social status, beliefs, and other relevant details. However, Chaucer never condemns his characters: "What uniquely distinguishes Chaucer's prologue from conventional estates of satire, however, is the suppression in all but a few instances of overt moral judgement. . . . It is up to the reader to draw up the moral indictment from the evidence presented with such artlessness even while falling in with the easygoing mood of 'felaweship' that pervades Chaucer's prologue to the pilgrimage" (Norton 80-81). Chaucer is thus able to create a tension between the ideal and the real. He builds up the reader's expectations and then shatters them. Although The Canterbury Tales was probably written in the late fourteenth century, many of the pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales seem real and true to life even today. One of the most memorable pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales, as well as one of the most memorable women in literature, is the Wife of Bath. The "lusty and domineering"... ...urteenth century, her ideas, beliefs, and behavior are more like a woman of the twentieth century or possibly even the twenty-first century. She is truly a woman ahead of her time. Works Cited Abrams, M. H. et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 1. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton, & Co. 1993. 76-144. Benson. Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. February 1997. October 24, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: icg.harvard.edu/~eng115b/ Bobr, Janet. Welcome to Camelot. 1998. October 24, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: www.csis.pace.edu/grendel/prjs3f/arthur1.htm Canterbury Tales. 1998. November 30, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: userzweb.lightspeed.net/~cheezit/pilgrims/index.html Jokinen, Anniina. Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400). July 1996. October 24, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: www.luminarium.org/medlit/chaucer.htm

Babies Behind Bars

The rate of women being incarcerated in prisons has dramatically risen over the last decade. While these women are being locked up for crimes ranging from drug possession to murder, they often come into the prison system with children or pregnant. Nationwide, nearly 2 million children have parents in prison. The number of those with incarcerated mothers is growing rapidly. A recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of minors with mothers in prison increased by more than 100 percent in the last 15 years [ (Schwartzapfel, 2008) ].While some women must give up their children before or after they enter prison, a handful of women get to keep their children. These women serve their sentences at one of nine prisons that have prison nurseries. However, not all women are afforded this privilege which comes with strict qualifications. A prison nursery is a program that allows a child born to an incarcerated women to remain in the care of its mother for a restri cted amount of time within a correctional facility [ (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009) ].Prison nurseries in the United States are only open to mothers who give birth to their children while they are serving their sentence. Prison nurseries are not fairly new to the United States. In the 1950s, many women's prisons had nurseries in which infants could stay with their mothers from several weeks to two years, depending on the institution. Within two decades, every state except New York closed them. The nurseries were deemed too expensive, the mothers too ruined and the babies too precious for such an environment [ (Kauffman, 2001) ].The only program left operating was at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women in Bedford Hills, New York. The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, which is a maximum security facility, has the oldest prison nursery in the United States. Opening its doors in 1901, the pr ogram is also the largest, having space for 29 mother/infant pairs. Women live with their babies in bright rooms stuffed with donated toys and clothes.During the day, while the women attend DOC-mandated drug counseling, anger management, vocational training and parenting classes, their children attend a day care staffed by inmates who have graduated from an intensive two-year Early Childhood Associate vocational training program (Schwartzapfel, 2008). Qualifications to participate in the program are stringent. Several aspects of a woman’s past are examined before she can participate in the nursery.This includes determining who is going to have custody of the child, if the mother has a history of involvement with the child-welfare system, the length of her sentence, past episodes of incarceration, and the nature of her crime. Women who have committed arson or who have a history of child abuse are not eligible for the nursery. At Bedford Hills the infant can stay for up to 18 m onths if the mother will be paroled by then, otherwise the child must leave the facility at 12 months of age (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).There are currently prison nursery programs in nine states: California, Illinois, New York, Nebraska, Washington, Ohio, Indiana, South Dakota, and West Virginia. Many of these programs started within the last few years. These programs are relatively rare and focus on the concept of the bond formed between mother and child within the first two years of life. Taconic Correctional Facility, also located in Bedford Hills, New York, was the second facility to host a prison nursery program. Opening in 1990, it models the first program; the qualifications and length of stay for infants are similar.However, Taconic only houses 15 mother/infant pairs. Nebraska opened its prison nursery program in 1994. The Nebraska Correctional Center for Women, located in York, Nebraska, hol ds 15 mother/infant pairs. Infants are allowed to stay up to 18 months in the Parenting Program. To participate in the nursery the mother must give birth while in state custody and not have a violent criminal record. She also should not have any serious mental health concerns. A screening committee reviews each case before women are placed in the nursery.The mother must be able to complete her sentence by the time the child is 18 months old to be eligible (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Four years later, Pierre, South Dakota opened its prison nursery in the South Dakota Women’s Prison. The Mother-Infant Program is the only prison nursery that doesn’t have a limit to how many infants can stay. However, it has the shortest length of stay being thirty days. Women who give birth while in custody are allowed to participate in the program as long as the mother's crime was non-violent in nature.Al l expenses related to the baby's care are the responsibility of the mother, including health care expenses. Mothers keep their infants in their cells. Other women at the facility are able to take classes to become babysitters and the mothers are able to choose who they would like to act as their babysitter. The Washington Correctional Center for Women in Gig Harbor, Washington, opened its doors to a prison nursery in 1999. To qualify for the Residential Parenting Program, the mother’s sentence must be completed within three years of giving birth. The women must also be classified as minimum custody and be convicted of a non-violent offense.The program houses 20 mother/infant pairs and allows the infants to stay up to 36 months (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Marysville, Ohio implemented its prison nursery at the Ohio Reformatory for Women in 2001. The program houses 20 mothers and up to 21 infants . Infants stay for a maximum of 18 months. To qualify for the Achieving Baby Care Success Program, women must give birth while in state custody and cannot have a violent criminal record. Women must attend family training courses, adhere to rules and be in good mental and physical condition.Only women who are serving a sentence of 18 months or less at the time of delivery are eligible. The Moms and Babies Program at Decatur Correctional Center in Decatur, Illinois started in 2007. The capacity for the program is 5 mother/infant pairs with infants staying up to 24 months. A woman must have committed a non-violent offense and be within two years of release after giving birth (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). The more recent nursery programs were started in the last four years.Indiana, California, and West Virginia were the last states of the nine to implement prison nurseries. Because the programs are newer, various changes are still being made. In 2008, Indiana Women’s Prison, in Indianapolis, Indiana, established its prison nursery. The Wee Ones Nursery Program houses 10 mother/infants pairs and 4 nannies. To participate in the program the child must be born in custody and the mother must be eligible for release by the time the child is 18 months old. Mothers and nannies who have been convicted of child abuse or a violent crime are not eligible to participate. The final two prison nurseries started in 2009.Corona, California started its Mother-Child Reunification Program at California Institution for Women. The program can hold up to 16 women: 10 with infants and 6 who are pregnant. Like most programs, the infants stay up to 18 months. After women spend up to 18 months in the nursery they will be transitioned onto parole or into a community-based program such as the Community Prison Mothers Program. In addition to the planned nursery, the facility runs a child-visiting program and mother-father mediation program. All pregnant women are placed in this institution and other women can request to be sentenced or transferred here.West Virginia’s Lakin Correctional Center for Women, located in West Columbia, has the KIDS Unit program. KIDS, Keeping Infant Development Successful, is available to pregnant women who are within 18 months of release or parole. The nursery is made up of modular homes located outside the prison’s perimeter fence. To participate in the nursery the mother must not have been convicted of a sex crime or a crime against a child and must be free of disciplinary write-ups (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).Many experts believe that prison nurseries increase the bond between mother and child and lowers recidivism rates. Chandra Villanueva, Policy Associate at WPA and author of the report commented, â€Å"Prison nursery programs keep mothers and infants together during the critical first months of infant development, and the research shows that these programs produce lower rates of recidivism among participating mothers. † (Women's Prison Association, 2009).Researchers studying prison nurseries found that â€Å"infants who lived with their mothers for a year or more in the prison nursery program were significantly more likely to be securely attached in spite of their mothers’ insecurity than those who were released earlier. † â€Å"Development of an attachment relationship is a long and fragile process and requires ongoing supports for mothers raising infants in prison nurseries, for future alternate caregivers living in the community, and for the children who will ultimately experience a multitude of environmental risks. † (Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010).On the other hand, some believe that babies don’t belong in prison, for their primary role is punishment and rehabilitation. Not to mention that the programs are expensive, averaging about $24,000 a year per infant (Schiavocampo, 2010). As the number of incarcerated women continues to grow, we can expect to see the number of prison nurseries growing as well. Because the programs have been deemed successful, other states may start implementing them into their prison systems. This gives the mother some form of responsibility while she is incarcerated without separating her from the child.However, we should focus more on keeping women out of prison than creating more nurseries. Bibliography Byrne, M. , Goshin, L. , & Joestl, S. (2010). Intergenerational transmission of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery . Attachment and Human Development, 375-393. Kauffman, K. (2001). Mothers in Prison. Corrections Today, 62-65. Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative. (2009, May). Retrieved from Women's Prison Association : http://www. wpaonline. rg/pdf/Mothers%20Inf ants%20and%20Imprisonment%202009. pdf. Schiavocampo, M. (2010, April 13). Reporter's notebook: A look at babies behind bars. Retrieved from The Grio: http://thegrio. com/2010/04/13/reporters-notebook-a-look-at-babies-behind-bars/. Schwartzapfel, B. (2008). Lullabies Behind Bars. Retrieved from Ms. Magazine: http://www. msmagazine. com/Fall2008/LullabiesBehindBars. asp. Women's Prison Association. (2009, July 13). Prison Nursery Programs a Growing Trend in Women’s Prisons. Retrieved from Corrections. com: http://www. corrections. com/news/article/21644.

How to Enjoy Your Job Search

How to Enjoy Your Job Search One important aspect of searching for a new job is maintaining a positive attitude- believe it or not, your attitude can reflect on your ability to get a job. Taking the time to care for yourself and keep your spirits up, even with the situation may seem desperate, can lead you to job positions that you may not have thought of and a lifetime career doing something you really enjoy. Keep Having Fun While Job SearchingMaybe money is a little tight, but you don’t have to let it cramp your style. Take a walk, go jogging, or do some volunteer work that makes you feel fulfilled. Do you like animals? Volunteer at an animal shelter, and spend some time with other animal lovers. If you’re into sports, you can join a league, or coach a children’s team at school. When your normal idea of a night out is to go to a movie, rent a movie and invite friends over for an evening of camaraderie. Fun doesn’t have to cost a lot of money.Get a Part-time JobWhile you’re wa iting for that perfect job opportunity to come along, you can look for part-time jobs doing something else. It gives you a reason to leave the house every day, keeps you on a schedule, and you will meet new people. It also helps you focus energy in a positive way and gives you spending cash while you wait that you can use to pay bills and have a little fun.Focus on the PositiveLooking at the jobs you had in the past can bring negativity into your life. Now is the time you can reinvent yourself and head in a new direction. Make a list of your skills, and choose a new career path that you find interesting and would enjoy doing. Just because you have worked in one area doesn’t limit you from branching out. While it’s great to have a job, it is even better when you are doing something you really enjoy.Target Your Job SearchThese days you might not hear back from potential employers when you submit a resume, but that represents modern times and is not a reflection on you or your abilities. Keep focused on the type of job you want and apply for a certain number of jobs per week. Look at it as a game that you can win.Interviews Where You Didn’t Get the JobWhen this happens, it is far from a negative experience. Being called for an interview, even if you don’t get the job, means you have the qualifications the employer is seeking for the position.That means you are on the right track to finding the job you want. Make a game of practicing your interview skills. You can prepare a statement that you can practice in front of the mirror, so you will appear confident and relaxed during your next interview. Have a friend conduct a practice interview and ask for feedback or record it, so you know how you sound and where your interview skills could use improvement.Keep on Top of Job Listings with Job Search SitesSeeing an advertisement for a job you want and not responding quickly may mean the position has already been filled. While looking online f or a new job can be helpful and might result in possible employment, you might want to take the easier route and have a company do the job search for you.TheJobNetwork is a free website that does your job search for you and sends you appropriate listings by email when those jobs become available. In this way, you don’t miss any job opportunities and can be happy knowing you won’t miss getting that great job.

Special Stains Laboratory Report The WritePass Journal

Special Stains Laboratory Report Introduction Special Stains Laboratory Report IntroductionMethodMasson’s TrichromeCongo RedDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction Staining is a technique that is used to diagnose or study the morphology of abnormal cells such as cancerous cells by highlighting the structural components of a tissue (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Staining provides a contrast between different structures in a tissue specimen and allows its examination under a light microscope (Cook, 2006). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) is a routine stain that is used to microscopically diagnose a vast majority of specimens in which the haematoxylin stains the nuclei, whereas the eosin is used to stain cytoplasm and other extracellular materials (Bancroft and Cook, 1995). According to Slauson and Cooper (2002) special stains are histochemical stains that react with known substances in the tissue. Mohan (2005) explains that special stains are required in various circumstances, where the pathologist needs to demonstrate certain constituent of the cells or the tissue to confirm the diagnosis by etiologic, histogenic and pathogenic components. This techniq ue is called special because they are not a routine stain that is performed on a tissue specimen, instead they are used in addition to HE stained sections (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Special stains can identify the presence and abundance of any specific class of molecules in a tissue specimen for example periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is used to identify carbohydrate substances such as glycogen (Slauson and Cooper, 2002). Other examples include Toluidine blue stain which is used to stain mast cell granules, Perl’s stain demonstrates iron in haemochromatosis, Ziehl-Neelsen stains mycobacteria and Giemsa staining is used to identify Helicobacter Pylori and Giardia organisms (Slauson and Cooper, 2002 and Bass et al., 2005) Masson’s trichrome (MT) and Congo red are the two main special staining methods used in pathology laboratories. Connective tissues consist of cells such as collagen fibres, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycans that are scattered within an extracellular matrix (Starr et al., 2011). These cells are distinguished by using a combination of dyes to stain different structures in various different colours (Starr et al., 2011). Masson’s trichrome is used to express collagen in tissues and involves staining with three different sized dyes to stain three diverse tissue densities (Cook, 2006). MT staining produces three distinct colours as the name suggests; nuclei and other basophilic structures are stained black with iron hematoxylin; collagen is stained green or blue depending on aniline light green or aniline blue; and cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes and keratin are stained bright red with Biebrich scarlet stain (Young et al., 2006). Since erythrocytes are the densest as the y are packed with haemoglobin, and less porous tissues they are stained with the smallest dye molecule, the intermediate cytoplasm and muscles cells are stained by the intermediate sized dye and the collagen is stained with the biggest dye (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). However, it has also been suggested that the acid dye which is the Biebrich Scarlet, first stains the tissue as it binds to its acidophilic elements (Carson, 2001). Subsequently, the tissue is treated with phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acids so that the less permeable components retain the red colour, whereas it is diffused out of the collagen fibers causing it to bind with the aniline blue or aniline light green (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Young et al., (2006) describes that in addition to the use MT stain in assessing the degree of fibrosis, it is also used to evaluate portal tract structures such as the bile ducts, arteries and veins in inflamed liver According to Romhanyi (1971) (cited in Bely, 2006) Congo red is a special stain that is highly specific and a sensitive method for early diagnosis and recognition of amyloidosis.   Cook (2006) states that Congo red is used as the preferred method to identify amyloids in most laboratories on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of patients with amyloidosis. Kiernan (2007) describes that amyloid is an intercellular material that varies in its composition and is deposited in tissues such as heart, muscle, kidneys, spleen, liver and brain, deposits differ in their composition. Rubin and Strayer (2008) explains that Congo red stain has a linear shaped molecule which helps it to bind to the ÃŽ ² pleated sheet structure of the amyloid through non-polar hydrogen bonds, giving it a red colour. Sen and Basdemir (2003) states that Congo red fluorescence (CRF) is another method that examines the amyloid deposits stained with Congo red under polarized light which shows a red-green birefring ence and according to Rocken and Eriksson (2009) this is the gold standard for diagnosing amyloid. During this experiment special stain techniques were used to analyse specific tissue elements Aims To identify fibroids in uterine tissue section using Masson’s trichrome stain To identify amyloid in spleen tissue section using Congo red stain To discuss advantages of special stains To use special stains to identify important diagnostic features of the tissue To understand the mechanism used by special stains Method Masson’s Trichrome The formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded uterine tissue section was deparaffinized and rehydrated through 100% alcohol, 95% alcohol, and 70% alcohol.   The section was washed in distilled water and then stained in Weigert’s iron hemotoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. It was then rinsed in running warm tap water for 10 minutes and then washed in distilled water. The next step was to stain the uterine tissue section in Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution for 15 minutes, and then it was washed using distilled water. It was then differentiated in phosphomolybdic – phosphotungstic solution for 15 minutes or until collagen was not red. The tissue section was then transferred directly (without rinsing) to aniline blue solution and stained for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards the tissue section was rinsed briefly in distilled water and differentiated in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 minute. It was then washed in distilled water and dehydrated very quickly through 95% ethyl a lcohol, absolute ethyl alcohol (to wipe off Biebrich scarlet-acid fuschin staining) and then cleared in xylene. The section was then mounted with resinous mounting medium. Finally the slide was examined under the light microscope. Congo Red The spleen tissue section was deparaffinized and hydrated to distilled water. The section was then stained in Congo red working solution for 10 minutes and rinsed in distilled water. It was then quickly differentiated (5-10 dips) in alkaline alcohol solution and rinsed in tap water. The section was then counterstained in Gill’s haematoxylin for 10 seconds and rinsed in tap water for 2 minutes. Following that, the section was dipped in ammonia water (made by adding a few drops of ammonium hydroxide to tap water and mixing it well) for 30 seconds or until the sections had turned blue. It was then rinsed in tap water for another 5 minutes and dehydrated through 95% alcohol, and 100% alcohol. The section was cleared in xylene and mounted with mounting medium. The slide was then examined under a light microscope. Fig 1: Normal uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification Fig 2: Fibroid uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification The microscopic slide (Fig. 1) shows a normal uterus tissue that was stained with Masson’s trichrome, which showed the nuclei stained black, smooth muscle stained red and the collagen fibres stained blue.   Figure 2 shows a uterus tissue specimen stained with Masson’s trichrome that revealed excessive amount of collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle stained red and nuclei stained black.    Fig 3: Spleen tissue stained with Congo red showing amyloid deposits under 1010 microscopic magnification Fig. 4 Spleen tissue stained with Congo red adapted from Stevens and Lowe, (2000) Discussion Norwitz and Schorge   (2006) states that fibroids also referred to as Leiomyomata, are benign tumours of the myometirum of the uterus   that is mainly composed of smooth muscle and extracellular fibrous material such as the collagen, Fibroids do not   invade surrounding tissues or organs and they can occur in different locations within the uterus (Lark, 1996). The symptoms include heavy periods, frequent urination, constipation, bloating and backache (Tulandi, 2003) Masson’s trichrome was used to stain the uterus tissue (Fig. 1) which showed the collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle and erythrocytes stained red and the nuclei appeared black. MT stain revealed that the normal uterus tissue (Fig. 1) had a small amount of collagen present whereas the other uterus tissue (Fig. 2) showed an elevated amount of collagen stained in blue which suggested fibrosis. MT is an advantageous technique in medicine as it allows comparing the degree of fibrosis before and after the treatment biopsies to show if the treatment has been effective and successful. It is a routine stain for kidney and liver biopsies and this can be used on paraffin fixed sections as well as on frozen sections. Kambic et al., (1986) describes that there are different types of collagen and their organization is better shown using Sirius red with polarized light. Sirius red is a hydrophilic dye, in which type I collagen appears orange or red whereas type III collagen appears green (Kumar, 2005). Congo red was used to stain a spleen tissue section where figure 3 showed amyloid deposits in pink and nuclei in blue. Fig. 4 revealed a high amount of amyloid deposits in pink which suggested amyloidosis that is the disorder caused by abnormal deposition of intracellular or extracellular insoluble amyloid which changes the normal tissue function (Stevens and Lowe, 2000). Special stains is an important tool for pathologists   as it allows to the microscopically view and identify cells, tissues and microorganisms, providing an alternative to immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and various other diagnostic techniques. References Bancroft, J. D. Gamble, M.   (2008).   ‘Theory and practice of histological techniques’.   [Online].   (6th ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhn2KispfdQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Theory+and+practice+of+histological+techniqueshl=enei=ifGETZKEPcWwhAfSvPW_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false.   [Accessed 7th March 2011]. Bancroft. J. D. Cook, H. C.   (1995).   ‘Manual of histological techniques and their diagnostic application’.   Edinburgh [u.a.] : Churchill Livingstone. Bass, P., Burroughs, S. Way, C.   (2005).   ‘Systematic pathology : a clinically-orientated core text with self assessment’.   Edinburgh : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Bely, M. (2006). Histochemical differential diagnosis and polarization optical analysis of amyloid and amyloidosis TheScientificWorldJournal. 6, p.154-168. Carson, F. L.   (2001).   ‘Histotechnology : a self-instructional text’.   (2nd ed).   Chicago : ASCP Press. Cook, D. J.   (2006).   ‘Cellular pathology : introduction to techniques and applications’.   (2nd ed).   Bloxham: Scion Publishing Limited. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01513.x/abstract Kiernan, J. A.   (2007).   ‘Histological and histochemical methods’.   (4th ed).   Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.) : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Mohan, H.   (2005).   ‘Essential pathology for dental students’.   [online]. (3rd ed).   New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HmkTtLyxXF8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=essential+pathology+for+dental+studentshl=enei=xRCCTaiHMs24hAezp6G8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=bookthumbnailresnum=1ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. [Accessed: 11th March 2011]. Odze, R. D. Goldblum, J. R.   (2009).   ‘Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas’.   [Online].   (2nd ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8ITX093f1j0Cpg=PA1143dq=Masson%27s+trichrome+staining+in+liverhl=enei=OB2GTYuVLYuqhAfJ_6m8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=2ved=0CDgQ6wEwAQ#v=onepageq=Masson%27s%20trichrome%20staining%20in%20liverf=false.   [Assessed 16th March 2011] Rocken, C. Eriksson, M. (2009). Amyloid and amyloidoses Der Pathologe. 30, (3), p.182-192. Rubin, R. Strayer, D. S.   (2008).   ‘Rubin’s Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine’.   [Online].   (5th ed).   Philadelphia [u.a.] : Lippincott Williams Wilkins.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kD9VZ267wDECpg=PA990dq=mechanism+of+congo+red+stainhl=enei=ADGFTcSQDZGJhQf-n5iuBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6wEwAw#v=onepageq=mechanism%20of%20congo%20red%20stainf=false.   [Assessed 7th March 2011]. Sen, S. Basdemir, G. (2003). Diagnosis of renal amyloidosis using Congo red fluorescence Pathology international. 53, (8), p.534-538. Slauson, D. O.   Cooper, B. J.   (2002).   ‘Mechanisms of disease : a textbook of comparative general pathology’.   [Online].   (3rd ed).   St. Louis, MO. [u.a.] : Mosby.   Available from : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vRhtM0UMUh4Cpg=PA5dq=special+stainshl=enei=-vSETaMeqJKEB83RwccEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6wEwADgK#v=onepageq=special%20stainsf=false.   [Accessed 4th March 2011]. Young B., Lowe, J. S, Stevens, A. Heath, J. W. (2006).   ‘Wheater’s functional histology : a text and colour atlas’.   (5th ed).   Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Tulandi, T.   (2003).   ‘Uterine fibroids : embolization and other treatments’.   [Online].   Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZ8eha5yIfcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=fibroidshl=enei=oyOGTfnfMJGGhQeY_92_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=7ved=0CGAQ6wEwBg#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 15th March 2011]. Stevens, A. Lowe, J.   (2000).   ‘Pathology’.   (2nd ed).   Edinburgh [u. a.] : Mosby Starr, C., Evers, C. A. Starr, L.   (2011).   ‘Biology : concept and applications’.   [Online].   (8th ed).   United States : Cengage Learning.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UCpg=PA454dq=connective+tissuehl=enei=zYeITdaEAsywhAf61cm6Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=10ved=0CFYQ6wEwCTgK#v=onepageq=connective%20tissuef=false.   [Assessed 8th March 2011]. Lark, S. M.   (1996).   ‘Natural treatment of fibroid tumors and endometriosis : effective natural solutions for relieving the heavy bleeding, cramps and infertility that accompany these common female problems’.   New Canaan, Conn : Keats Pub. Norwitz, E. R. Schorge, J. O.   (2006).   ‘Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a glance’.   (2nd ed).   Malden, Massachusetts : Blackwell. Kumar, R. K. (2005). Morphological methods for assessment of fibrosis Methods in Molecular Medicine. 117, p.179-188. Kambic, H. E., Kantrowitz, A. Sung, P.   (1986).   ‘Vacular graft update : safety and performance, a symposium’. [Online].   Philadelphia, PA : ASTM.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NU0cVwIPk_oCpg=PA162dq=limitations+of+collagen+stainhl=enei=AEKLTcmzMsmYhQe1hJHEDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 20th March 2011].